Special Ed- Test 2 – Flashcards
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By the end of 2nd grade, the average student knows approximately ________ words, though the range for all students at this stage can be from ______ to _______
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6,000 ; 4,000-8,000
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Which of the following word learning tasks would be the hardest? A. Finding new meanings for known words B. Learning pronunciation of words recognized only in print C. Refining an earlier understanding of known words D. Learning new words representing new concepts
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Learning new words representing new concepts
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Learning in British English, a biscuit is the same as a cookie, would be an example of ________
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learning a new label
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Which is most helpful in learning the meaning of a new word?
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Hearing the word explained in context
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What must happen for vocabulary study to have an impact upon comprehension?
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Unfamiliar words must be identified, labeled, and connected to backgrounds or relationships
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Most new words are learned how?
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independently and incidentally through oral or written context
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Which graphic organizers work best when two or three subjects are being compared, and similar traits are being identified?
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venn diagram
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The most effective approach for learning new words, one that requires little planning or effort, is through __________
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wide reading
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One of the most powerful word-attack skills is morphemic analysis, which is primarily concerned with _________
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meaning
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Students often figure out a new word based on its more familiar root word, or encounter a word that is in their listening vocabulary but not their reading vocabulary. They look for a part of the word they know, or try to think of a familiar word that is like the unknown word. What concept does this involve?
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Morphemic analysis
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It is estimated that the average reader is able to use _______ successfully only 5-20 percent of the time, because even when the texts clues are fairly obvious, students fail to notice them
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contextual analysis
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For word recognition, what should be used as a last resort?
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dictionary usage
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The most important factor of comprehension is _________
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reader's background knowledge about the topic of the selection
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Which of the following is an organizational strategy? A. Constructing the main idea B. setting purposes C. creating images D. making predictions
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constructing the main idea
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The most effective organizational strategy for comprehension is
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summarizing
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Which of the following is a preparational strategy? A. activating prior knowledge B. noting relevant details C. summarizing key ideas D. seeking main ideas
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activating prior knowledge
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Which technique is especially designed for students having difficulty with inferences?
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QAR
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Dual coding refers to the process of _____________________
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mentally representing a text in both words and images
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Which elaboration strategy works with concrete ideas as students learn to picture concepts in their minds?
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imaging
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Rereading, slow reading, and pausing during a confusing paragraph are examples of __________
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repairing
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Reciprocal teaching includes _______, ________, ________, and __________.
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predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing
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Which method focuses on content rather than strategy, occurs during reading rather than after reading, and uses a series of queries and moves?
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QTA
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Most children first learn how to develop a schema for stories through _________
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listening to stories
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These signal words "but" and "however" would most likely indicate a ___________ text structure
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comparison-contrast
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According to the text's taxonomy of types of questions, which of the levels requires making connections between the text and prior knowledge?
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elaborating
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According to research, which question would be most effective at fostering inferences about the content and improving the memory of the text that has been read?
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"Why?"
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Which is most likely to result in longer and more collaborative responses, higher-level thought processes, and fewer no-responses and I-don't knows?
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wait time
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Which questioning procedure involves moving carefully from level to level to prompt for higher-level thinking processes?
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FELS
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Responsive elaboration mainly attempts to _______________
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redirect students' reasoning
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Which technique is especially helpful for students who have little background to bring to a selection?
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guided reading lesson
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The major differences between a guided reading lesson and a directed reading-thinking activity (DR-TA) is in __________
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the person deciding on the reading purpose
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Which technique is best at getting students to use context and read for meaning on a sentence-by-sentence basis?
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cloze
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What is the main reason the internet demands critical thinking skills?
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it offers massive amounts of information, but much of it is not checked by anyone
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What sets content-area reading apart from other kinds of reading?
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Students learn new concepts in a content area and then apply this knowledge
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Students learn most of their content-area concepts through ____________
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reading and discussing their textbooks
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Which prereading technique would be most helpful when trying to get students to think about a controversial topic?
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Anticipation guide
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Which technique was specifically designed to help teachers model comprehension processes?
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think-aloud
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What is the main advantage of Hyerle's thinking maps?
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they help students organize their thinking
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The best technique for retaining information is ________
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making it meaningful
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Which is the most thoroughly documented and widely used study technique in English-speaking countries, because it fosters both understanding and longer term retention of material being read independently?
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SQ3R
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An efficient Internet search should start with __________
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the careful delineation of the topic
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Metacognition is an important part of study skills instruction primarily because it ______
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helps students decide how and when to study
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Why is vocabulary instruction needed?
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it helps to give them a base of knowledge to build upon and strategies for figuring out new words
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_______ is a constructive, interactive process involving 3 factors: _______, ___________, and ________
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comprehension, the reader, the text, the context
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_______ is a form of social-constructivist learning in which students gradually learn key strategies by imitating the teacher
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reciprocal teaching
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______ is a method by which the teacher uses sets of queries to start the discussion and keep it moving.
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Questioning the Author (QTA)
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______, a simple technique often neglected in the classroom, promotes comprehension and clarifies text structure. It focuses on meaning
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Retelling
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_______ is the way the author has organized and presented ideas
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text structure
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Which type of text structure lists details about a subject without giving any cause-effect or time relationship among them?
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Enumeration
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Which type of text structure lists details and time order is specified?
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time sequence
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Which type of text structure tells how something works?
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Explanation
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Which type of text structure presents differences and/or similarities?
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comparison-contrast
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Which type of text structure states a problem then gives one or more possible solutions?
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Problem-solution
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Which type of text structure presents a single cause or a series of causes along with possible consequences or results?
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Cause-effect
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In _________, the teacher typically selects text at or slightly above the students' level, decides on the purpose, and supplies whatever assistance students need to read a selection successfully
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guided reading
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In the ___________, students take responsibility and decide on the purpose based on his or her preview. It should not be started until students have background knowledge to bring to the selection and can attack difficult words independently
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directed reading-thinking activity (DR-TA)
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The ______ procedure involves a selection of text with blank spaces. The reader fills in missing words and is forced to use semantic, syntactic, and symbol-sound information
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cloze
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_______ demands cognitive and analytical skills as well as attitude and perspective
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Critical reading
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________ is a highly interactive, hands-on, student centered method for teaching English language skills through content areas such as science, math, or social studies
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Sheltered English
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A _____ is simply a name for a concept
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label
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A _______ is a general idea, an abstraction derived from particular experiences with a phenomenon
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concept
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A _______ _________ is a diagram used to show the interrelationships among words or ideas
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graphic organizer
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A ______ _______ is a graphic organizer that uses lines and circles to organize information according to categories
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semantic map
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A ______ _______ uses drawings, with or without labels, to show interrelationships among words or concepts
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pictorial map
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A ______ is another name for a semantic map, especially a simplified one
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web
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________ are words that are similar in both languages, have a common derivation, and share a common meaning, although the pronunciation may differ
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cognates
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The ________ _________ to vocabulary instruction involves the study of vocabulary words as they occur in the natural course of reading
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incidental approach
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A __________ __________ is one in which a certain amount of time is set aside each week for vocabulary instruction
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planned program
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__________ are words that have the same sound but different in meaning and often have different origins, they usually do not have the same spelling
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homophones
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_________ are two or more words that have the same spelling but different meanings and different word origins.May have the same or different pronunciations
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Homographs
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An ________ _________ is one that is peculiar to a language and cannot be understood from the individual words making up the expression
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idiomatic expression
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________ _______ is the examination of a word in order to locate and derive the meaning of the morphemes
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Morphemic analysis
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A _________ is the smallest unit of meaning
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Morpheme
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A ________ is an affix placed at the beginning of a word or root in order to form a new word
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prefix
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An ________ is a morphemic element added to the beginning or ending of a word or root in order to add to the meaning of the word or change its function
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affix
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A _______ is an affix added to the end of a word or a root in order to form a new word
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suffix
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______-_______ are procedures in which students are asked to describe the processes they are using as they engage in reading or another cognitive activity
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think-aloud
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A ______ is a unit of organized knowledge
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schema
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A ______ is a deliberate, planned, procedure designed to achieve a certain goal
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strategy
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_______ is studying or repeating something so as to remember it
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rehearsing
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_________ is being aware of or checking one's cognitive processes
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monitoring
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_______ refers to creating sensory representations of items in text
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imaging
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______ is a procedure in which the teacher and student(s) take turns asking and answering questions
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ReQuest
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______ ______ is a period of silence between asking a question and repeating or rephrasing the question, calling on another student, or making some sort of comment
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wait time
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_________ _______ is a procedure in which the teacher analyzes a student's thought processes in order to determine how to adjust or elaborate instruction so as to redirect the student's thinking
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responsive elaboration
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A ________ _____ is a type of journal in which students record and reflect upon concepts that they are studying
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learning log
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A ________ is a brief written response to a text passage, lecture, discussion, lesson, or prompt
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quickwrite
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________ refers to the practice of continuing to study after material has been learned in order to foster increased retention
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overlearning
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_________ are artificial devices used to aid memory
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mnemonics
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An ________ is a word made up of the first letter of each of a series of words
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acronym
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An ________ is a device in which the first letters in a series of words spell out a word or phrase or correspond to the first letters in another series of words to be memorized
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acrostic
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SQ3R stands for ____, _____, ______, _____, and _______
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Survey, question, read, recite, review
