spc chap 9,10,11,12 – Flashcards
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chap 9 a good introduction should serve five functions:
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-Gain Audience Attention and Interest -State the Purpose of Your Speech -Establish Credibility -Provide Reasons to Listen -Preview Main Ideas
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an individual's credibility is composed of three factors
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-competence -trustworthiness -caring/goodwill
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Competence
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The degree to which an audience member perceives a speaker as being knowledgeable or expert on a given topic.
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trustworthiness
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The degree to which an audience member perceives a speaker as being honest
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Caring/goodwill
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The degree to which an audience member believes that a speaker has the audience member's best interests at heart.
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Attention-getter
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device a speaker uses at the beginning of a speech to capture an audience's interest and make them interested in the speech's topic
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four things to consider in choosing a specific attention-getting device:
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Appropriateness or relevance to audience Purpose of speech Topic Occasion
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eleven attention-getting devices
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Reference to Subject Reference to Audience Quotation Reference to Current Events Historical Reference Anecdote Startling Statement Question Humor Personal Reference Reference to Occasion
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Anecdote
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A brief account or story of an interesting or humorous event
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parable or fable
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An allegorical anecdote designed to teach general life lessons.
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5 remaining parts of an effective introduction:
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reasons to listen linking to your topic stating credibility Thesis statement preview.
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thesis statement
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A short, declarative sentence that states the purpose, intent, or main idea of a speech
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Basic Functions of a Thesis Statement
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helps your audience by letting them know "in a nutshell" what you are going to talk about
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How to Write a Thesis Statement
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*Choose Your Topic *Narrow Your Topic - is topic one clear topic or multiple topics - is it a broad overgeneralization of a topic -does topic have direction *Put Your Topic into a Sentence ex. "Because of his unique sense of lyricism and his well-developed presentational skills, President Barack Obama is a modern symbol of the power of public speaking." *Add Your Argument, Viewpoint, or Opinion
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During a keynote presentation, the speaker mentions that she is the head of neurology at a major medical center. The speaker then goes on to discuss why wearing helmets is important for bicyclists of all ages. What factor of credibility has the speaker attempted to establish? a. competence b. caring/goodwill c. extroversion d. trustworthiness e. character
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a. competence
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A kid perched on the roof of his house one day notices a wolf walking by. The kid yells at the wolf, "Evil, vile creature! Why have you come near honest folks' homes?" The wolf quickly replied, "It is easy to be brave from a safe distance." What type of attention-getting device does this represent? a. personal reference b. fairy tale c. personal anecdote d. parable or fable e. humor
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d. parable or fable
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During an introduction, a speaker says, "I realize that many of us disagree on the use of corporal punishment in public schools. I just ask that you listen to my arguments with an open mind." Which aspect of credibility is the speaker attempting to enhance? a. competence b. caring/goodwill c. extroversion d. trustworthiness e. character
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b. caring/goodwill
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Which of the following is a function of a thesis statement? a. It provides a clear ending point for your speech. b. It helps to organize your introduction. c. It enhances your language usage. d. It expresses the body points in your speech. e. It clarifies your perspective about your topic.
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e. It clarifies your perspective about your topic.
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What part of an introduction does the following sentence represent? "Today we're going to examine the video gaming industry by first discussing the history of video games, then by examining the current trends in video gaming, and lastly, by discussing the future of video games." a. attention-getter b. link to topic c. preview d. thesis e. significance of topic
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c. preview
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general purpose
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refers to the broad goal for creating and delivering the speech ex. to inform to persuade
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specific purpose
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-starts with one of those broad goals (inform, persuade, or entertain) and then further informs the listener about the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the speech. -A concrete, narrow purpose
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Main points
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The series of key ideas that you develop to help your audience understand your specific purpose.
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chunking
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The process of taking smaller chunks of information and putting them together with like chunks to create more fully developed, larger chunks of information.
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Helpful Hints for Preparing Your Main Points
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*Uniting Your Main Points - "When you look at your main points, do they fit together?" - "Do these main points help my audience understand my specific purpose?" *Keeping Your Main Points Separate -do main points overlap too much? *Balancing Main Points - organize your speech so as to spend roughly the same amount of time on each main point *Creating Parallel Structure for Main Points -structure your main points so that they all sound similar ex 1 main point = question other 2 = statements.......not parallel *Maintaining Logical Flow of Main Points -do the main points make sense in the order you've placed them
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categorical/topical speech pattern
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Speech format in which a speaker organizes the information into categories, which helps an audience understand a single topic. ex 1) main points -what it's like to live in the dorms, -what classes are like - what life is like on campus 2) main points - explaining what Internet dating is; -then the speaker talks about how to make Internet dating better for her or his audience members -the speaker ends by discussing some negative aspects of Internet dating
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comparison/contrast speech pattern
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Speech format in which a speaker selects two objects or ideas and demonstrates how they are similar or how they are different.
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spatial speech pattern
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Speech format in which a speaker organizes information according to how things fit together in physical space. ex main points -Locate and describe the kidneys and ureters. -Locate and describe the bladder. -Locate and describe the sphincter and urethra.
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chronological speech pattern
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Speech format in which a speaker presents information in the order in which it occurred in time—whether backward or forward. ex. main points -Examine the style and content of Winston Churchill's writings prior to World War II. -Examine the style and content of Winston Churchill's writings during World War II. -Examine the style and content of Winston Churchill's writings after World War II.
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biographical speech pattern
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Speech format generally used when a speaker wants to describe a person's life. ex. main points -Describe Brian Hugh Warner's early life and the beginning of his feud with Christianity. - Describe Warner's stint as a music journalist in Florida. - Describe Warner's decision to create Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids.
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causal speech pattern
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Speech format that is built upon two main points: cause and effect
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problem-cause-solution speech pattern
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Speech format in which a speaker discusses what a problem is, what the speaker believes is causing the problem, and then what the solution should be to correct the problem. ex. -Demonstrate that vandalism and violence among youth is having a negative effect on our community. -Show how vandalism and violence among youth go up after 10:00 p.m. in our community. -Explain how instituting a mandatory curfew at 10:00 p.m. would reduce vandalism and violence within our community.
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psychological speech pattern
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Speech format built on basic logic in which "a" leads to "b" and "b" leads to "c." ex. main points -How laughing affects the body - How the bodily effects can help healing -Strategies for using humor in healing
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transition
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. A phrase or sentence that indicates that a speaker is moving from one main point to another main point in a speech.
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transition words
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Addition Consequence Generalizing Exemplifying Emphasis Similarity Exception Restatement
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internal preview
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A phrase or sentence that gives an audience an idea of what is to come within a section of a speech ex. Now that we've explored the effect that a lack of consistent recycling has on our community, let's explore the importance of recycling for our community (transition). To help us further understand why recycling is important, we will first explain the positive benefits of recycling and then explore how recycling can help our community *(internal preview).*
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internal summary
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A phrase or sentence that reaffirms to an audience the information that was just delivered within the speech.
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Signposts
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A guide a speaker gives her or his audience to help the audience keep up with the content of a speech. ex The first function of credibility is competence. • The second function of credibility is trustworthiness. • The final function of credibility is caring/goodwill.
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Juan is finishing writing his specific purpose. He brainstorms about his specific purpose and finally settles on three topics he plans on talking about during his speech. What are these three topics called? a. specific topics b. main points c. generalized topics d. specific points e. main topics
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b. main points
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Which speech format does the following outline represent? Specific Purpose To inform my audience about the life of Paris Hilton I. Describe Paris Hilton's life before she became famous. II. Describe Paris Hilton's first job as a model working for Donald Trump. III. Describe Paris Hilton's transition from model to media personality. a. atopical b. categorical/topical c. biographical d. spatial e. psychological
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c. biographical
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Which speech format does the following outline represent? Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to invest in VetoMax I. Tell the history of VetoMax. II. Explain the VetoMax advantage. III. Describe the VetoMax pledge to investors a. atopical b. categorical/topical c. biographical d. spatial e. psychological
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b. categorical/topical
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Bobby is creating a speech related to the Hawaiian islands. He plans on talking about each of the islands in order from southeast to northwest. Which speech format is probably the most effective for Bobby's speech? a. atopical b. categorical/topical c. biographical d. spatial e. psychological
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d. spatial
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What is a phrase or sentence that indicates that a speaker is moving from one main point in a speech to another main point in a speech? a. transition b. guidepost c. internal preview d. internal summary e. thesis statement
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a. transition
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A strong conclusion serves ....
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to signal the end of the speech and to help your listeners remember your speech.
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serial position effect
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The notion that when items are presented in a linear fashion people remember the items at the beginning of the list and at the end of the list.
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primacy
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Information that is presented first
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recency
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Information that is presented last.
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Steps of a Conclusion
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Restatement of the Thesis Review of Main Points Concluding Device
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concluding device
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The device a speaker uses at the end of a speech to ensure that the audience is left with a mental picture predetermined by the speaker
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ten concluding devices
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Conclude with a Challenge Conclude with a Quotation Conclude with a Summary Conclude by Visualizing the Future Conclude with an Appeal for Action Conclude with Advice Conclude by Inspiration Conclude by Proposing a Solution Conclude with a Question Conclude with a Reference to Audience
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challenge
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Call to engage in some kind of activity that requires a contest or special effort.
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appeal for action
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When a speaker asks her or his audience to engage in a specific behavior or change in thinking.
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immediate call to action
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When a speaker asks the audience to engage in a specific behavior immediately following the conclusion of a speech. ex. In a speech on eating more vegetables, pass out raw veggies and dip at the conclusion of the speech.
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inspire
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To affect or arouse someone
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Advice
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A speaker's opinion about what should or should not be done.
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Karla knows that people tend to remember the information at the beginning of a speech and at the end of a speech. What is this process called? a. serial position effect b. central limit theorem c. law of position effect d. law of limits theorem e. serial limits theorem
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a. serial position effect
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Which of the following best explains why conclusions are important? a. primacy b. recency c. closing stages d. predominance e. speech finish
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b. recency
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What is the device a speaker uses at the end of a speech to ensure that the audience is left with a mental picture predetermined by the speaker? a. recency device b. predominance device c. finishing device d. concluding device e. finalizing device
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d. concluding device
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At the end of her speech, Daniel asks his audience to sign a petition helping a candidate get on the ballot in his state. By having the audience members sign the petition right after the speech, what is Daniel engaging in? a. a call to public service b. a call to civic duty c. a proclamational appeal d. an appeal to one's general sense of right and wrong e. an immediate call to action
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e. an immediate call to action
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Miller's (1946) concluding device "reference to audience" can best be summed up by which phrase? a. A good or a bad audience is still receptive. b. It's all about me. c. Don't forget to love your audience. d. What's in it for me? e. A suffering audience is a persuaded audience.
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d. What's in it for me?
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logical integrity
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A characteristic of reasoning in which each claim is carefully supported by an orderly sequence of the right kind of evidence and by the right amount of evidence. -can be lost without an outline
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claim
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A statement that warrants the support of facts from authoritative sources.
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authoritative sources
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Sources that use factually verifiable observations and data to provide rigorous conclusions that will not collapse under scrutiny.
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when you create an outline it helps
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*Tests Scope of Content - making sure each main pt match the thesis *Tests Logical Relation of Parts - pick a pattern to put your speech in. chronological, cause/effect etc *Tests Relevance of Supporting Ideas -have supporting evidence *Test the Balance and Proportion of the Speech -Is each main point of approximately the same importance? *Serves as Notes during the Speech
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evidence
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Information from an expert source, which is relevant to a main point.
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Working Outline
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-This is the outline where you lay out the basic structure of your speech -have a general and specific purpose; an introduction, including a grabber; and a concrete, specific thesis statement and preview. You also need three main points, a conclusion, and a list of references. -begin by typing in your labels for each of the elements. Later you can fill in the content. -The working outline *shouldn't* be thought of a "rough copy,"
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full-sentence outline
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-each of the three main points moves from the general to the particular -Specifically, each main point is a claim, followed by particular information that supports that claim so that the audience will perceive its validity -Your full-sentence outline should contain full sentences only - everything is filled in
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Speaking Outline
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-include far less detail -Whenever possible, you will use key words and phrases, but in some instances, an extended quotation will need to be fully written on your speaking outline.
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some important factors to consider when creating a logical and coherent outline:
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**singularity -For the sake of clarity, make sure your thesis statement expresses one idea only (same for main pts) **consistency - choose a tense, past or present, to use throughout the speech -choose language and use it consistently ex. use humanity instead of mankind or humans, and use that term throughout. -define your terms and use those terms only to designate the meanings in your definition **adequacy -definitions of terms and support for your main points. -use concrete language -Evidence of the right kind and the right weight are needed **uniformity "equal time" to each main points **parallelism. - the three main points follow the same structure or make use of the same kind of language -check for inconsistencies and self-contradictory statements
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Joe is beginning to prepare his speech and has constructed a brief outline that sketches out his thesis and main points but does not yet have a fully developed conclusion or transitions. Which type of outline has Joe constructed? a. speaking outline b. full-sentence outline c. opening outline d. working outline e. transitory outline
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d. working outline
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Brenda has prepared her speaking outline on a set of six notecards, so she believes she is finished preparing for her speech. You tell her that simply preparing the speaking outline is not enough; she needs to practice using her notecards as well. Why is this the case? a. She should get used to how the notecards feel in her hand. b. She needs to make sure the information on the cards will work as a memory cue for her. c. She needs to know whether her audience prefers white or colored notecards. d. You think she needs to add more notecards. e. She needs to memorize all the quotations she is using.
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b. She needs to make sure the information on the cards will work as a memory cue for her.
