SOl US and Va history SOL – Flashcards

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question
What was life in the New England Colonies like?
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settled by Puritans seeking freedom from religious persecution in Europe,formed a "covenant community" based on the principles of the Mayflower Compact and Puritan religious beliefs and were often intolerant of those not sharing their religion,they sought economic opportunity and practiced a form of direct democracy through town meetings. New England- included Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, ragged coastline, fast moving water for water power, cold climate, short growing seasons- People are shipbuilders, traders, fishers, artisans, small businesses;
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What were the Middle colonies like?
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Ethnic diversity, "bread basket", commercial centers The middle colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware developed economies based on shipbuilding, small-scale farming, and trading. Cities such as New York and Philadelphia began to grow as seaports and/or commercial centers.
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What were the Southern colonies like?
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Southern colonies were settled by people seeking economic opportunities. Some of the early Virginia settlers were "cavaliers," i.e., English nobility who received large land grants in eastern Virginia from the King of England. Poor English immigrants also came seeking better lives as small farmers or artisans and settled in the Shenandoah Valley or western Virginia, or as indentured servants who agreed to work on tobacco plantations for a period of time to pay for passage to the New World. Southern Colonies- included Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, long growing season, warm climate, fertile soil, flat land, broad slow moving tidal rivers, rivers were "highways" for transportation, cash crop cultivation, plantations were self-contained, slaves (brought for tobacco)
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What was the great awakening?
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It was a religious movement that swept both Europe and the colonies during the mid-1700s. It led to the rapid growth of evangelical religions, such as Methodist and Baptist, and challenged the established religious and governmental orders. It laid one of the social foundations for the American Revolution.
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governments in middle, new endland, and southern colonies?
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New England colonies used town meetings (an "Athenian" direct democracy model) in the operation of government. Middle colonies incorporated a number of democratic principles that reflected the basic rights of Englishmen. Southern colonies maintained stronger ties with Britain, with planters playing leading roles in representative colonial legislatures.
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John Lock( what he influenced and what he thought)
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-Natural rights of man -Social contract Influenced: -Thomas Paines common sense - Thomas Jeffersons Decleration of INdependence ***life, liberty, persuit of happiness**
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Thomas Paines Common sense?
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challenged the rule of the American colonies by the King of England
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Decleration of Independece?
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Jefferson then went on to detail many of the grievances against the King of England
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Events leading to the Revolutionary( in order)
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French and Indian War Proclamation of 1763 Taxes passed (Stamp Act) Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress Boston Massacre Lexinton and Concord---------> Revolutionary War
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3 main groups colonist were divided into in revolutionary war?
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patriots(Locke, Paine, Patrick Henry) Loyalist(Tories) Neatrulist
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Factors that lead to colonist victory of separating from Britian?
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-----Benjamin Franklin negotiated a Treaty of Alliance w/France ------The war did not have popular support in Great Britain. ------Good Military(Washington Leadership) -----French army at Yorktown helped
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What were the weaknesses of the articles of confederation?
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Weak National Government Congress had no power to tax or regulate commerce No common Currency States got one vote, regardless of size No executive or Judicial branch
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Why did colonist create an articles of confederation?
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So that they would have a republican based government and not have lots of power all in one person hands (Britain).
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What were the compromises made at the constitutional convention?
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They made the senate have two respresnators regardless of population. They made the house of representatives based on population and number of represnetatives. Made 3 branches of government that check each other Made slaves 3/5th of population of Southern States
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James Madison
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Made the Virginia Plan( proposed 3 branches in government) Known as the "Father of the Constiution"
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Who was the author of the Virginia Deceleration of rights?What did it inspire in the future?
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George Mason; Bill of Rights (James Madison)
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Who wrote the Virginia Statue for Relgious Freedom and what did it influence?
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Thomas Jefferson; 1st amendment
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What did the Federalist believe? Who were the Federalist? (People in favor of ratification of constitution)
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Favored strong central government Favored ratification of the proposed Constitution Ex.George Washington James Madison John Adams Alexander Hamilton
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What did the Anti- Federalist beleive? Who were the antifeds? (People opposed to ratification)
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Feared strong central government Opposed ratification of the proposed Constitution Ex. P. Henry George Mason
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John Marshall
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Chief justice ruled court decisions like: Marbury v. Madison McCulloch v. Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden
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Who led the democratic republicans?
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Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
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What did the Democratic- Republicans believe in?
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The Democratic-Republicans believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy. They were supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers in the South.
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Louisiana Purchase
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Thomas Jefferson; purchases territory from France, doubled America in size, authorized Lewis and Clark exploration, all land west of the Mississippi River,
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What did the US gain in the War of 1812 with Britain?
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Oregon Territory; Increased migration into Florida (Spain)
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What did Monroe Doctrine state?
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The United States would not interfere in European affairs. The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.
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Factors that influence Americans Westward movement?
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New forms of Transportation(Railroads, Canals) New Inventions for Farming (Cotton Gin)-west farms Manifest Destiny
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What occurred as a result of Americans moving into Texas?
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led to an armed revolt against Mexican rule and a famous battle at the Alamo, in which a band of Texans fought to the last man against a vastly superior force. The Texans' eventual victory over Mexican forces subsequently brought Texas into the United States.
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What did Americans gain as a result of the Mexican War?
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California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico
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What were some causes for the War of 1812?
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British interference with American shipping and western expansionism fueled the call for a declaration of war. Federalists opposed Madison's war resolution and talked of secession and proposed constitutional amendments, which were not acted upon.
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Andrew Jackson
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appealed to the "common man", the spoils system, more equality in the political process for adult white males, "democratic spirit",
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As the federalist party disappears which parties form?
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the Whigs and Know-Nothings, were organized in opposition to the Democratic Party.
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How did congress try to keep a balance between slave states and free states?
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Missouri compromise- drew an east-west line through the Louisiana Purchase, with slavery prohibited above the line and allowed below, except that slavery was allowed in Missouri, north of the line. Kansas Nebraska act- repealed the Missouri Compromise line, giving people in Kansas and Nebraska the choice whether to allow slavery in their states or not ("popular sovereignty"). Compromise of 1850 - California entered as a free state, while the new Southwestern territories acquired from Mexico would decide on their own.
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Who was the publisher of The Liberator?
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William Lloyd Garrison
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What were the things that lead to the Civil War?
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-Sectional disagreements and debates over tariffs, extension of slavery in the territories, and the nature of the Union (states' rights) -Northern abolitionists versus Southern defenders of slavery -United States Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case -Publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe -Ineffective presidential leadership in the 1850s -A series of failed compromises over the expansion of slavery in the territories -President Lincoln's call for federal troops in 1861
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What triggered the Civil War?
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The secession of Southern states triggered a long and costly war that concluded with Northern victory and resulted in the restoration of the Union and emancipation of the slaves.
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Major Events of the Civil War (In Order)
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--Election of Lincoln (1860), followed by the secession of several Southern states who feared that Lincoln would try to abolish slavery ---Fort Sumter: Opening confrontation of the Civil War --Emancipation Proclamation issued after Battle of Antietam --Gettysburg: Turning point of the Civil War --Appomattox: Site of Lee's surrender to Grant
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Abraham Lincoln
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President of the United States during the Civil War, who insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary
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Jefferson Davis
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U.S. Senator who became president of the Confederate States of America
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Uylsses Grant
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Union military commander, who won victories over the South after several other Union commanders had failed
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Robert E. Lee
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Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia (Lee opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force), who urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again, when some Southerners wanted to fight on after Appomattox
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Fredrick Douglas
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Former enslaved African American who became a prominent abolitionist and who urged Lincoln to recruit former enslaved African Americans to fight in the Union army
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Lincoln's Gettysburg Address
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said the United States was one nation, not a federation of independent states. For Lincoln, the Civil War was about preserving the Union as a nation "of the people, by the people, and for the people."(Deceleration of Independence)
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What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
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----Freed those slaves located in the "rebelling" states (Southern states that had seceded) ----Made the abolition of slavery a Northern war aim ----Discouraged any interference of foreign governments ---Allowed for the enlistment of African American soldiers in the Union Army
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What were parts of Lincolns reconstruction plan?
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--Southern state governments should be quickly restored ---The federal gov't should act "with malice towards none, with charity for all... to bind up the nation's wounds...."
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What were parts of the Radical Republicans reconstruction plan?
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----More punitive towards the South ----Put the South under military occupation ---Wanted more rights for African Americans (13th, 14th, 15th Amendments) ---Tried to impeach Andrew Johnson, but failed
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13th Amendment
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Slavery was abolished permanently in the United States.
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14th Amendment
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States were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to any American.
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15th Amendment
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Voting rights were guaranteed regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (former slaves).
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Compromise of 1877
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After the Election of 1876(electoral vote) ,radical republicans agree to take military occupation out of the confederate states. Southerns can come back in and regain power. Next comes the "Jim Crow" era
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What was the South like during reconstruction?
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devastated by the war. Farms, railroads, and factories had been destroyed throughout the South. Confederate money was worthless. Many towns and cities such as Richmond and Atlanta lay in ruins, and the source of labor was greatly changed due to the loss of life during the war and the end of slavery. The South would remain an agriculture-based economy
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What was the North and Midwest like during reconstruction?
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Midwest emerged with strong and growing industrial economies.The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad soon after the war ended intensified the westward movement of settlers into the states between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean.
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How many years after the Emancipation Proclamation did African Americans achieve equality?
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100 years
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Homestead Act of 1862
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gave free public land in the western territories to settlers who would live on and farm the land.
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Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and Restriction Act of 1921
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These laws effectively cut off most immigration to America for the next several decades; however, the immigrants of this period and their descendants continued to contribute immeasurably to American society.
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Important Industrial Leaders
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Andrew Carnegie (steel) J. P. Morgan (finance) John D. Rockefeller (oil) Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads)
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Reasons for Economic Transformation
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Laissez-faire capitalism and special considerations (e.g., land grants to railroad builders) The increasing labor supply (from immigration and migration from farms) America's possession of a wealth of natural resources and navigable rivers
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Plessy vs. Fergueson
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the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" did not violate the 14th Amendment, upholding the "Jim Crow" laws of the era.
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Great Migration
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African Americans migrated to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South.
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Ida B Wells
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led an anti-lynching crusade and called on the federal government to take action.
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Booker T Washington
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believed the way to equality was through vocational education and economic success; he accepted social separation.
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W.E.B DuBois
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DuBois believed that education(Liberal arts) was meaningless without equality. He supported political equality for African Americans by helping to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
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What were some causes of the Progressive Era?
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Excess Income Despairity Robber Barons Poor and dangerous working conditions Child Labor Company Towns Employment of WOmen
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Progressive Movement
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The Progressive Movement used government to institute reforms for problems created by industrialization. Examples of reform include Theodore Roosevelt's "Square Deal" and Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom." Square Deal: (New Nationalism)- term used by Roosevelt to describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration as well as bust big business. Three C: Controlling Corporation's, (Elkin Acts, Hepburn Act) Conservation (National reclamation act), and Consumer Protection (Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection act). Conservatives did not like this.
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Goals of the Progressive Movement
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---Government controlled by the people ---Guaranteed economic opportunities through government regulation --Elimination of social injustices
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Sherman Anti- Trust Act
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Prevents any business structure that "restrains trade" (monopolies)
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Clayton Anti-trust Act
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Expands Sherman Anti-Trust Act; outlaws price-fixing; exempts unions from Sherman Act; prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly; if a company violated the law, its officers could be prosecuted.Allows the labor to have a right to be on strike, without government interference.
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19th Amendment
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grants women right to vote
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Open Door- Policy
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Secretary of State John Hay proposed a policy that would give all nations equal trading rights in China.
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Dollar Diplomacy
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President Taft urged American banks and businesses to invest in Latin America. He promised that the United States would step in if unrest threatened their investments.
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Spanish American war events (in order)
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Spanish American War: --Puerto Rico was annexed by the United States. ---The United States asserted its right to intervene in Cuban affairs. ---Panama Canal and the role of Theodore Roosevelt --The United States encouraged Panama's independence from Colombia. ---The parties negotiated a treaty to build the canal.
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What was annexed by the Americans after Spanish-American war?
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Philipinies and (Hawiia)
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When did Wolard War I begin?
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The war began in Europe in 1914 when Germany and Austria-Hungary went to war with Britain, France, and Russia.
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How long did America remain neutral before entering World War I?
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3 years
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What influenced Americas decision to enter the war?
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The decision to enter the war was the result of continuing German submarine warfare (violating freedom of the seas) and American ties to Great Britain. Americans wanted to "make the world safe for democracy." (Woodrow Wilson) Ties with Great Britain (Culture, language, propaganda, loans-so we can get money back from Britain) Unrestricted Sub. Warfare( German U- Boat/ Lusitania) The Zimmerman Note (Mexico) Missionary Zeal ("Make the World, safe for Democracy"- Russian Rev. (kerensky Government).
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Wilson's 14 points
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**Wilson's reasons on why to go to war
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Treaty of Versailles (World War I)
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The French and English insisted on punishment of Germany. A League of Nations was created. National boundaries were redrawn, creating many new nations.
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What were causes of the Stock Market Crash?
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--Business was booming, but investments were made with borrowed money (over-speculation). ----There was excessive expansion of credit. ----Business failures led to bankruptcies. -----Bank deposits were invested in the market. ------When the market collapsed, the banks ran out of money.
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What were causes of the Great Depression?
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---The stock market crash of 1929 and collapse of stock prices ------Federal Reserve's failure to prevent widespread collapse of the nation's banking system in the late 1920s and early 1930s, leading to severe contraction in the nation's supply of money in circulation ----High protective tariffs that produced retaliatory tariffs in other countries, strangling world trade (Tariff Act of 1930, popularly called the Hawley-Smoot Act)
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Herbert Hoover
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After the stock market crash of October 1929, as president, he tried to reassure Americans that the nation's economy was on a sound footing. In his view, the important thing was for Americans to remain optimistic and to go about their business as usual. Like all Americans, he suffered from the Great Depression and was blamed for the Depression. He demanded that businesses give low cost loans and made the Federal Home loan bank act. (Reconstruction Finance Corporation). He begs businesses to keep people employed.
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Who made the "New Deal"
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FDR
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Parts of the New Deal
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---Roosevelt rallied a frightened nation in which one in four workers was unemployed. ("We have nothing to fear, but fear itself.") ---Relief measures provided direct payment to people for immediate help (Works Progress Administration—WPA). ---Recovery programs were designed to bring the nation out of the depression over time (Agricultural Adjustment Administration—AAA). ---Reform measures corrected unsound banking and investment practices (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation—FDIC). ---Social Security Act offered safeguards for workers.
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Works Progress Administration (WPA)
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It created as many jobs as possible
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Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
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Paid farmers to lower production by not planting, leaving land idle. It provides farmers with a guaranteed base price for farm products. Declared unconstitutional.
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: Guarantees savings accounts in banks , insures deposits
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Tennessee Valley Authority
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Built and repaired dams in the Tennessee river valley to control floods, which helps farmers grow crops. The dam construction creates job, which means that people have money. Generates low cost electricity and the government is going to sell the electricity to companies
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look at ch. 23 section 1-5 graphic organizer for acts
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do it
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What event sparked World War II?
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Hitlers Invasion of Poland
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Where did Japan invade in the begining of World War II?
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Manchuria and China
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What event brought the US officially into World War II?
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Attack at Pearl Harbor
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Who was on the Axis Powers side in World War II?
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Japan, Germany, and Italy
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Who was on the Allies side in World War II?
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Soviet Union, United States, Britian
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What were the major causes of World War II?
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Treaty of Versallies Rise of Faccism in Italy Japenese Expansionism Economic Depression Anti- Communism Appeasment Militarism Natinoalism Rise of Hitler
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What was the Allies strategy in the Pacific?
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They led an island hopping campaign, siezing islands closer and closer to Japan.
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What did Germany hope to gain in the Soviet Union?
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Oil fields
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Major Events of World War II (in order)
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***North Africa***: ---El Alamein: German forces threatening to seize Egypt and the Suez Canal were defeated by the British. This defeat prevented Hitler from gaining access to Middle Eastern oil supplies and attacking the Soviet Union from the south. ****Europe***: ---Stalingrad: Hundreds of thousands of German soldiers were killed or captured in a months-long siege of the Russian city of Stalingrad. This defeat prevented Germany from seizing the Soviet oil fields and turned the tide against Germany in the east. ----Normandy landings (D-Day): American and Allied troops under Eisenhower landed in German-occupied France on June 6, 1944. Despite intense German opposition and heavy American casualties, the landings succeeded, and the liberation of western Europe from Hitler began. ****Pacific****: -----Midway: American naval forces defeated a much larger Japanese force.The American victory ended the Japanese threat to Hawaii and began a series of American victories in the "island hopping" campaign, carrying the war closer and closer to Japan. ------Iwo Jima and Okinawa: The American invasions of the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa brought American forces closer than ever to Japan, Japanese soldiers and civilians committed suicide rather than surrender. -----Use of the atomic bomb: President Harry Truman ordered the use of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to force the Japanese to surrender. Tens of thousands of people were killed in both cities. Shortly after the bombs were used, the Japanese leaders surrendered, avoiding the need for American forces to invade Japan.
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Study Chapter 24/25 for full notes
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cjakfalj
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waht did the Geneva Convention do
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attempted to ensure the humane treatment of prisoners of war by establishing rules to be followed by all nations. Ex. (Pacific Theatre treated people bad)
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What is the Bataan Death march
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marched Americans;American POWs suffered brutal treatment by the Japanese after surrender of the Philippines.
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What did the US do to mobilize for World War II?
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---United States government and industry forged a close working relationship to allocate resources effectively. ----Rationing was used to maintain supply of essential products to the war effort. ----War bonds and income tax were used for financing the war. ---Businesses retooled from peacetime to wartime production (e.g., car manufacturing to tank manufacturing).
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Why were the Japenese imigrants put in interment camps after World War II?
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---Strong anti-Japanese prejudice on the West Coast ----False belief that Japanese Americans were aiding the enemy
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What were the outcomes of World War II?
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--WWII found Soviet Forces occupying most of Eastern and Central Europe and the eastern portion of Germany ----Germany was partitioned into East and West Germany. West Germany became democratic and resumed self-government after a few years of American, British, and French occupation. East Germany remained under the domination of the Soviet Union and did not adopt democratic institutions. --- Japan was occupied by American forces; . It soon adopted a democratic form of government, resumed self-government, and became a strong ally of the United States. ---US launches Marshall Plan (rebuild Europe/ prevent spread of communism) ---The United Nations was formed near the end of World War II to create a body for the nations of the world to try to prevent future global wars.
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When did the Cold War begin?
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45 years after World War II
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What was the Cold War essentially about?
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a competition between two very different ways of organizing government, society, and the economy: the American-led western nations' belief in democracy, individual freedom, and a market economy, and the Soviet belief in a totalitarian state and socialism.
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What lead to the Korean and Vietnamese wars?
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The United States government's anti-communist strategy of containment in Asia led to America's involvement in the Korean and Vietnamese Wars.
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What did the Vietnamese war demonstrate?
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It demonstrated the power of American public opinion in reversing foreign policy. It
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How long did the Cold war last till?
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the end of World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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What was Dwight D. Eisenhowers policy?
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massive retaliation; the threat of a nuclear war that would destroy both countries was ever-present throughout the Cold War.
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What was Harry Trumans policy?
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Containment ;was a guiding principle of American foreign policy throughout the Cold War, not to roll it back, but to keep it from spreading and to resist communist aggression into other countries.
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO
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was formed as a defensive alliance among the United States and western European countries to prevent a Soviet invasion of Western Europe
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What was reflected in the Korean War
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American involvement in the Korean War in the early 1950s reflected the American policy of containment of communism
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What event led the US forces into Korea?
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After communist North Korea invaded South Korea, American military forces led a United Nations counterattack that drove deep into North Korea itself.
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What president was involved in the Vietnman war?
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The American military buildup in Vietnam began under President John Kennedy. After Kennedy's assassination in 1963, the buildup was intensified under President Lyndon Johnson. Next President Nixon was elected on a pledge to bring the war to an honorable end
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Nixons Vietnamization
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withdrawing American troops and replacing them with South Vietnamese forces while maintaining military aid to the South Vietnamese.
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What forced Nixon out of office?
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The Watergate Scandal
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Fedel Castro
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led a communist revolution that took over Cuba in the late 1950s. Many Cubans fled to Florida and later attempted to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. This "Bay of Pigs" invasion failed.
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Cold War Confrentation in Cuba
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In 1962, the Soviet Union stationed missiles in Cuba, instigating the Cuban Missile Crisis. President Kennedy ordered the Soviets to remove their missiles, and for several days the world was on the brink of nuclear war. Eventually, the Soviet leadership "blinked" and removed their missiles.
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Joseph McCartthy
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played on American fears of communism by recklessly accusing many American governmental officials and other citizens of being communists, based on flimsy or no evidence. This led to the coining of the term McCarthyism—the making of false accusations based on rumor or guilt by association.
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What was the key to America winning the Cold War over the Soviet union?
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A strong military was the key to America's victory over the Soviet Union in the Cold War.
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Reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union?
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---Increasing Soviet military expenses to compete with the United States ---Rising nationalism in Soviet republics ---Fast-paced reforms—market economy --Economic inefficiency ---Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika (openness and economic restructuring)
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How did Reagan influence the fall of the Soviet Union?
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---Challenged moral legitimacy of the Soviet Union, for example, in speech at Berlin Wall ("Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!") ---Increased United States military and economic pressure on the Soviet Union
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George H. W. Bush
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Reunification of Germany Collapse of Yugoslavia Persian Gulf War
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William Clinton
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NAFTA Full diplomatic relations with Vietnam Lifting of economic sanctions against S. Africa NATO action in former Yugoslavia
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George W. Bush
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9/11/01 Attacks War in Afghanistan War in Iraq
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Brown Vs. Board of Education
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---Supreme Court decision that segregated schools are unequal and must desegregate --Included Virginia case
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Thurgood Marshall
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NAACP legal defense team
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Oliver Hill
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Legal defense team in America
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Lyndon Johnson
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Civil Rights Act Voting Rights Act
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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this act outlawed literacy test
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Federal reserve
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Monetary policy
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The president and congress
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Fiscal Policy
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Presidents in order
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Herbert Hoover FDR Harry S Truman Dwight D Eisenhower John F Kennedy Lydon B Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan Geogre Bust
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