Socy – Flashcards
Flashcard maker : Maisie Clarke
Why is the study of racial residential segregation important?
Homes share net worth, education, health, well being, access to jobs
Can trace inequality and different treatment by racial segregation
Can trace inequality and different treatment by racial segregation
What are current hypotheses for what is causing racial residential segregation? Does the “preference” hypothesis hold up against the data?
People want to live with others like them
Preference because they choose to live there
Preference because they choose to live there
How do attitudes about residential preferences differ by racial group and how can this help us understand continued residential segregation? In other words, how does racial turnover occur?
Preference makes integration difficult
Clear pattern of white flight and racial turnover
Clues into the preferences
Integration means something different
Clear pattern of white flight and racial turnover
Clues into the preferences
Integration means something different
What are mechanisms for the persistence of residential segregation?
Combination of preference, class, and racism
Steering (leading people away from neighborhoods because of race)
Lending practices (targeted when couldn’t get credit)
Social control
White flight
Steering (leading people away from neighborhoods because of race)
Lending practices (targeted when couldn’t get credit)
Social control
White flight
In what ways does racial segregation persist within schools? As discussed in the lecture on Race and Education, how does racial segregation work to perpetuate educational inequalities?
Tracking
(Students are discouraged, personal bias)
Unequal access to similar cirriculum
Low teacher quality
Gaps in achievement
(Students are discouraged, personal bias)
Unequal access to similar cirriculum
Low teacher quality
Gaps in achievement
Why is standardized testing problematic? How does it contribute to educational disparities?
Preparation time
Tutors and prep courses
Tutors and prep courses
What is the school to prison pipeline? Who is most affected and what are its consequences?
Problems with disciplinary measures
Denying learning time
Black students are suspended and expelled at three times the rate of white students
Kids who were suspended were three times more likely to come into contact with juvenile justice system
Denying learning time
Black students are suspended and expelled at three times the rate of white students
Kids who were suspended were three times more likely to come into contact with juvenile justice system
What is the “dark figure” of crime and how does it relate to crime statistics?
people who commit crime
What are the stages in “creating criminals” and how are the processes surrounding these stages racialized?
Creating the pool (racial profiling)
Arrest
In the courts
Conviction/ sentencing
Arrest
In the courts
Conviction/ sentencing
What do we learn from comparing underage drinking and marijuana use with arrest rates?
Marijuana has been the main drug that brings youth into the criminal justice system
You need to be aware of the various types of documentation statuses and how different types of documentation are obtained.
nonimmigrant, immigrant, humanitarian, naturalized citizen
Be familiar with the major waves of immigration to this country.
1840-1880: Northwestern Europeans
1880-1920: NY was 41% foreign born
Post 1965: Non-europeans (mainly Asia and Latin America)
1880-1920: NY was 41% foreign born
Post 1965: Non-europeans (mainly Asia and Latin America)
What are the major differences between the last two waves?
More undocumented immigrants
Larger portion of refugees/asylees
Rate emigration
Special distribution
More diversity
Numbers versus proportions
Larger portion of refugees/asylees
Rate emigration
Special distribution
More diversity
Numbers versus proportions
Be prepared to discuss the “key myths” surrounding immigration that we covered in lecture–> Mexican Case
“My ancestors came here legally”
“They want to come here and stay permanently”
“Always been knocking on the U.S. door”
“They should wait in line”
“We need to help Mexico develop economically so that their people stop coming”
“Sending money to MX hurts the U.S economy”
“Border enforcement lowers migration”
“They want to come here and stay permanently”
“Always been knocking on the U.S. door”
“They should wait in line”
“We need to help Mexico develop economically so that their people stop coming”
“Sending money to MX hurts the U.S economy”
“Border enforcement lowers migration”
Understand the arguments on both sides of the immigration debate, especially within the context of the economic themes we discussed in lecture. What kind of evidence supports each position? What are the methodological issues that need to be accounted for when addressing this debate?
Immigrants are workers, consumers, investors, tax payers, users of social services, and users of institutions
Position 1
Immigrants are subsitutes
Burdens and lowers standards of education, healthcare…
Immigrants are less likely to pay taxes
Net drain
Burdens and lowers standards of education, healthcare…
Immigrants are less likely to pay taxes
Net drain
Position 2
Immigrants compliment
Do undesirable jobs
Pay taxes but most don’t receive refunds
Create more jobs than they fill
Net gain
Do undesirable jobs
Pay taxes but most don’t receive refunds
Create more jobs than they fill
Net gain
Methodological issues
Labor market aren’t static
Long term costs and benefits
How to measure reduced cost of produce
Undocumented population
Local verses population
Individual vs. national household
Immigrant vs. their descendants
Long term costs and benefits
How to measure reduced cost of produce
Undocumented population
Local verses population
Individual vs. national household
Immigrant vs. their descendants
What is affirmative action? What are affirmative action policies comprised of?
Applies to race, religion, sex, color, national origin, person with disabilities, Vietnam veterans
Private and governmental programs that seek to improve economic or educational opportunities for formerly excluded groups
Private and governmental programs that seek to improve economic or educational opportunities for formerly excluded groups
How is affirmative action perceived and how has it been framed in society?
Wording shapes perceptions
Many associate with quotes and set asides
Attitudes shaped by misconceptions rather than solid information
Social science ignored policy debates
Many associate with quotes and set asides
Attitudes shaped by misconceptions rather than solid information
Social science ignored policy debates
Anti Affirm Action
Violates equal opportunity principles
Injustices committed by ancestors
Doesn’t address root of the problem
-Dysfunctional culture
-Focus on culture for remedy
Merely another form of discrimination
Only benefits people of color
Hurts those intended to help
-Unprepared = failure
-Mismatching
-Promotes hostility
-Assumptions of lower qualifications
Injustices committed by ancestors
Doesn’t address root of the problem
-Dysfunctional culture
-Focus on culture for remedy
Merely another form of discrimination
Only benefits people of color
Hurts those intended to help
-Unprepared = failure
-Mismatching
-Promotes hostility
-Assumptions of lower qualifications
Pro Affirm Action
Prepares for a diverse society
Not just about past discrimination
Alternatives don’t address root of problem
-Racism isn’t based on class
-Privileged black unlikely to compete with poor white
Not just about past discrimination
Alternatives don’t address root of problem
-Racism isn’t based on class
-Privileged black unlikely to compete with poor white
What is the idea of proportional representation?
Represented equally with the amount of people in the body
How diversity goals are set
How diversity goals are set
Why is it important to have access to a good grocery store? (Zenk)
Diet effects the death rate in the US (major risk factor)
Barrier to healthy eating
Barrier to healthy eating
What are some of the suggestions Zenk et al. have for remedying food injustice issues?
economic development of african american neighborhoods
attract supermarket chains to urban areas
affordable public transportation
expand community reinvestment act
-law designed to combat discrimination in commercial real estate lending
attract supermarket chains to urban areas
affordable public transportation
expand community reinvestment act
-law designed to combat discrimination in commercial real estate lending
Be able to explain the “savage” inequalities that students in Kozol’s study are facing both inside and outside of the school system. Explain why Kozol also includes inequalities outside of the school setting.
african american schools are in poor conditions like in east st louis
these schools get no funding
outside of school, kids live in areas with no public services like trash removal, or being exposed to harsh pollution because of lack of regulation
these schools get no funding
outside of school, kids live in areas with no public services like trash removal, or being exposed to harsh pollution because of lack of regulation
Based on our conversation in class this week, as well as Kozol’s discussion of parents’ political power in chapter 2 of Savage Inequalities, how does cultural capital play a role in who has access to a “quality” education?
Graduation rate of 38%
The students do not care about school at all
Bad teaching strategies
Teachers are really old
The students do not care about school at all
Bad teaching strategies
Teachers are really old
What is “tracking”? What impact does this have on students? (Kozol)
Putting school children into groups of the same age and ability to be taught together
How are educational resources constrained or aided by property tax and tax revenue? (Kozol)
Property tax is counted as a tax deduction by the federal government, home owners in a wealthy suburb get back a substantial portion of the money that they spend to fund their children’s schools
What are examples of institutional racism (policies and practices) in the criminal justice system? (See Cole)
Three strikes and you’re out
Tonya took package for a man for $100 didn’t know that there was crack cocaine in it and got in trouble for her action
Tonya took package for a man for $100 didn’t know that there was crack cocaine in it and got in trouble for her action
What are the affects of having a criminal record on employment prospects? (See Pager)
Lower income and employment
In light of our discussion in recitation on institutional racism within the criminal processing system, how are stereotypical representations in the media dangerous?
Because people assume that all people of that color race etc are criminals or behave the same ways
Why do cultural theorists argue that we need to understand television, movies, music, games and the like as more than “just entertainment?” (Mueller and Dirks)
Blurred the lines between reality and fiction
Many things are offensive such as the t-shirt in the book offended Asians
Naming sports teams
Many things are offensive such as the t-shirt in the book offended Asians
Naming sports teams
What are some of the negative stereotypes that exist about athletes? What is Lapchick’s argument about how these stereotypes are racialized (i.e. more likely to be applied to African American athletes or sports associated strongly with African American athletes)?
African Americans are less intelligent, more prone to drug use, more violent, and more inclined towards violence against women and whites are
What are some of the realities immigrants face in the United States? What is the effect of immigration on communities and loved ones left behind in the immigrants’ home countries? (Thompson)
Money, jobs, not even receiving minimum wage
Upon what values does Huntington argue the U.S. was founded? How does he argue that these values are “under attack” by current immigrants?
founded on Protestant values
English language
Christianity
religious commitment
English concepts of the rule of law
responsibility of rulers and rift of individuals
dissenting Protestant values of individualism
the work ethic
the belief that humans have the ability and the duty to try to create a heaven on earth “city on a hill”
English language
Christianity
religious commitment
English concepts of the rule of law
responsibility of rulers and rift of individuals
dissenting Protestant values of individualism
the work ethic
the belief that humans have the ability and the duty to try to create a heaven on earth “city on a hill”
expanded more broadly to Christian in the 19th century
How does he argue that these values are “under attack” by current immigrants?
Mexicans don’t speak English well
-second language is spanglish
Huntington doesn’t want the US to be bilingual and bicultural
Mexicans and their children don’t identify themselves primarily with the US
persistence of immigration reduces incentives for cultural assimilation
-second language is spanglish
Huntington doesn’t want the US to be bilingual and bicultural
Mexicans and their children don’t identify themselves primarily with the US
persistence of immigration reduces incentives for cultural assimilation
In “Mexican Americans and the American Nation,” Edward Telles disputes several claims made by Huntington regarding Mexican immigrants. Identify two claims which Telles disputes, and cite his evidence to the contrary.
Current levels of immigration are still below those reached at any other time
Immigration is overall beneficial to the US economy and to the native born workers although there may be small negative impact on the least educated
Immigration is overall beneficial to the US economy and to the native born workers although there may be small negative impact on the least educated
On which measures do Telles and Huntington claim that Mexican Americans are assimilating or not assimilating? Do they agree or disagree? About which measures?
Assimilation into the US is difficult, much harder for them than other immigrants
Assimilate through language and other customs, make the US more diverse and people are coming because they want to be like the natives
Assimilate through language and other customs, make the US more diverse and people are coming because they want to be like the natives
Do immigrants have an impact on the overall wages of workers in the U.S.? What evidence do Borjas and Tienda use to answer this question?
Immigrant earnings may grow rapidly as they age, the likelihood that immigrants will become permanent public charges lowers over time
Cohort the US economy to grow over time as the initial costs associated with the disruptive effects of immigration are offset by increased productivity
Immigrants earnings are lower than natives
Immigrants who have been in the US for a longer period of time get paid more
Immigrants 10 to 15 years or longer exceeded the earnings of comparable native workers
Cohort the US economy to grow over time as the initial costs associated with the disruptive effects of immigration are offset by increased productivity
Immigrants earnings are lower than natives
Immigrants who have been in the US for a longer period of time get paid more
Immigrants 10 to 15 years or longer exceeded the earnings of comparable native workers
According to Martinez and Lee, how do public perceptions match up with empirical data on immigration and crime?
Immigrant crime is a function of generic processes associated with urban living rather than the cultural traditions or predispositions of immigrants
What explanations do Martinez and Lee offer as to why immigrant crime rates are lower than expected?
Disorganizing influence on communal and familial structures
Immigration brings a disproportionate amount of males into the country
Immigration brings a disproportionate amount of males into the country
Martinez and Lee outline the three approaches typically employed in research for the link between immigration and crime – Opportunity Structure, Cultural Approaches, and Social Disorganization. You should be familiar with the general themes of each of these theoretical frames. (Martinez and Lee)
Opportunity Structure: material and social structures that shape the values and activities of groups in American society
Cultural Approaches: influences criminal involvement and immigrant crime in particular
Social disorganization: inability to realize the common values of their residents or solve commonly expressed problems
Cultural Approaches: influences criminal involvement and immigrant crime in particular
Social disorganization: inability to realize the common values of their residents or solve commonly expressed problems
In the summary of “Immigration’s Economic Impact” by the President’s Council, it is stated on page 4 that 90% of native workers have benefited economically from immigration. Based on what you have learned so far regarding the relationships between native and immigrant workers, who do you think the 10% of native workers are who have not gained from immigration? What types of jobs do they do? In what areas of the country might they be more likely to reside?
The natives that had less than a high school education degree
Outweighed any losses
Outweighed any losses
What is “artificial diversity?” (Steele)
Democracy of colors rather than people that gives the appearance of an educational parity between black and white students that has not been yet achieved in reality
What is Staples’ position on whether or not affirmative action unfairly discriminates against white males? Do you agree or disagree with his position? Why?
White males are not the victims of affirmative action
In the reading by Clegg, identify the elements of his argument against affirmative action. What does he see as flawed? How does he use the “pro” side’s arguments against them?
Posting job notices
Offering graduate fellowships
Defining applicant pool
Setting aside special funds for “targets” of opportunity
Making hiring decisions
Setting pay differences
Offering graduate fellowships
Defining applicant pool
Setting aside special funds for “targets” of opportunity
Making hiring decisions
Setting pay differences
