SOCL 4461-Ch 15-18
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According to Agnew's micro-level Strain Theory, __________ is a source of strain that influences the occurrence of criminal or deviant behavior.
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a. Failure to achieve a positively valued goal b. Removal of a positively valued stimuli c. Presentation of a negative stimuli
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Alexandra lost her job due to downsizing as a result of the economic recession. Alexandra's response to this strain was to start looking for a new job in the same industry so that she can continue to afford her car and house payments. Which of Merton's modes of adaptation is Alexandra using?
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Conformity
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_________ is (or are) a set of informal rules that govern interpersonal public behavior, including violence in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
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The code of street
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Which of the following agents of social control does Cohen believe delinquent youth pay the most attention to?
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Fellow gang members
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Which of the following is not a focal concern of lower class subculture described by Miller?
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leadership
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Sampson et al. define the concept of collective efficacy as
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A combination of the social cohesion among neighborhood residents and how willing they are to intervene on each others' behalf
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A key finding of Shaw and McKay's research was that
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high rates of delinquency were spatially concentrated.
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As discussed by Wilson and Kelling, the primary argument of the Broken Windows Thesis is that
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Crime is more likely to occur in neighborhoods characterized by signs of physical and social disorder.
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Sampson and Raudenbush used a variety of data sources in their study of social disorder and collective efficacy in Chicago Neighborhoods. Which of the following was not a form of data used by Sampson and Raudenbush?
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a. Surveys of neighborhood residents that asked about their relationships with their neighbors b. Recorded observations of trash and litter on city streets c. Official crime statistics d. Victimization data ALL WERE USED
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The Sampson and Raudenbush article \"Systemic Social Observation of Public Spaces\" explored issues related to Collective Efficacy Theory and The Broken Windows thesis. What did the authors find?
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Collective efficacy predicted lower observed disorder and lower rates of predatory crime.
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Which of the following explanations for gender differences in crime does Chesney-Lind agree with?
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Explanations for gender differences in crime should examine the ways in which agencies of social control such as the police, courts and prisons help to reinforce gender roles.
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Daly used biographical information on women processed by criminal courts for felony charges to create a classification system. According to Daly, the ______ category of women tended to have heavier records because they supported drug addiction problems with prostitution, theft or drug sales, thereby increasing the number of crimes with which they could be charged.
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Street
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Which of the following statements would Quinney be most likely to identify with given his discussion of the intersection of class, state and crime?
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The crime problem in the United States is rooted in social and economic inequalities inherent to capitalism.
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Social Solidarity
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mechanical and organic
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Mechanical Solidarity
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-small, tight-nit society held together by beliefs and values; -same jobs and responsibilities, low division of labor Ex. LSU students
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Organic Solidarity
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individualistic and secular Ex. Family
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Anomie
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complete chaos, to each his own
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Relative Deprivation
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we see what others have and we want it
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Absolute Deprivation
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everything you know, deprivation all to yourself
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Merton's Theory of Anomie
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-cultures recognize legitimate goals and means -amount and type of opportunities of each varies -deviance/crime results from blocked accesses
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conformity
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accept goals, accept means Ex. College students
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innovation
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accept goals, reject means Ex. dealer
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ritualism
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reject goals, accept means Ex. telemarketer
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retreatism
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reject goals, reject means Ex. homeless person
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rebellion
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new goals, new means Ex. terrorist
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Limitations of Merton's Theory
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-why do people choose certain crimes over others -many conventional goals, importance varies by individual -class is important but not the only cause
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Agnew's General Strain Theory GST
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-Emphasis on individual stress, rather than class differences -Strain or negative relationships produces negative affect, which in turn encourages crime/delinquency
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Major types of strain
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-failure to achieve positively valued goals Ex. no call back -removal of positively valued stimuli Ex. partner cheats -presentation of negative stimuli Ex. job loss
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How do people adapt to strain?
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-cognitive strategies Ex. realizing friend isn't real friend -behavioral strategies Ex. vengeance -emotional strategies Ex. respond with drugs
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Why don't we cope the same way?
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-individual constraints Ex. boxing, drinking smoking -social constraints-how strongly valued in society
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Messner and Rosenfeld's Institutional Anomie Theory
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-builds on Merton's emphasis on achieving goals -recognized the importance of multiple social institutions -crime is the result of an institutional imbalance
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Major institutions in America's society
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education, family, politics, media, economy (most important)
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Messner and Rosenfeld's article
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-Do homicide rates vary by country level of decommodification (access to welfare entitlements)? -Messner and Rosenfeld's IAT -Countries with more support will feature lower homicide rates -OLS Regression (may learn in undergraduate stats or methods)
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Messner and Rosenfeld results
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-High decommodification (government support), lower homicide -Results support IAT Qualifications on findings Economy shaped by additional forces than political constraints Cultural differences across countries Need more research on the association of welfare and crime
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Culture
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values held, languages spoken, symbols revered, norms followed, and material goods produced Ex. soda (pop, coke, cold drink)
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Subculture
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smaller, often specialized cultural group Ex. emo, trekkie, hipster
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Counterculture
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\"a counterculture is a subculture with the addition that some of its beliefs, values, or norms challenge or even contradict those of the main culture of which it is part\" Ex. polygamist
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Cohen's delinquent subcultures
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-delinquent subcultures are a perversion of mainstream culture -youth are socialized into delinquency
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Miller's focal concerns
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trouble, fate, excitement, autonomy, toughness, smartness
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What purposes does identification with these focal concerns serve?
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belonging and status
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Cloward and Ohlin
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-Basic argument: all people share the same goals, but... People have differential opportunities to engage in conventional and criminal activities -Interested in gang development in lower-class areas -Neighborhood stability influences type of gang
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Neighborhood stability influences type of gang
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-Criminal: Stable neighborhoods, but ties to adult criminals -Conflict: Low stability leads to multiple groups (most violent) -Retreatist: Groups who retreat from society (Merton?)
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Anderson's \"Code of the Streets\"
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-\"Set of informal rules governing interpersonal public behavior, including violence\" -similar to \"G Code\" -used for self-protection and respect -defensive rather than offensive -innovative because \"code switching\"
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Policy directions
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-Deconcentrate disadvantage -Increase access to positive role models -Promote multiculturalism by emphasizing subcultural connections to mainstream
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Chicago School of Sociology
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-sociologist and social workers -social structure, not social pathology -studies included , but weren't limited to crime, delinquency, immigration, race/ethnicity, stratification, housing, culture, urbanization, social learning
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Concentric Zone Model (inner to outer)
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-CBD -Transitional Zone (factories, abandoned buildings) -Working Class Zone (single family tenements) -Residential Zone (single family homes, yards/garages) -Commuter Zone (suburbs)
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formal social control
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-efforts to ensure uniformity by formally prescribed agents Ex. police, courts
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informal social control
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-efforts by individuals and groups to ensure conformity through peer pressure, bystander intervention and collective response Ex. ridicule, sarcasm
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Shaw and McKay
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-tried to find where and why delinquency occurs -had access to 8000 chemical records -found that delinquency and crime were spatially concentrated and that youth coming into the neighborhood were socialized by older generation -research spawned \"social disorganization theory\"
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three dimensions of social structure
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-Concentrated Disadvantage -Residential Mobility -Ethnic/Racial heterogeneity
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Shaw and McKay's Classical Model
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Social structure + Community disruption + crime/delinquency
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Kornhauser's criticisms of classical model
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-definition of disorder is unclear; Sutherland's concept of Differential Social Organization (people identify with different group norms no neighborhood is completely disorganized) -Circular logic: crime results in disorganization or vice versa?
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Bursik and Grasmik's Systemic Model of Crime
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-concept of community, same dimension and structure, -better one, very complication , only 1 person has tested it, don't know if it really works
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Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls
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-argument- more structure, they more they are likely to grow -informal social control (UPDATED MODEL: social structure - collective efficacy - crime and delinquency)
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collective efficacy
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-combination of social cohesion and organizational participation -census data and survey data -findings- that higher efficacy is equal to lower crime -limitations - based in Chicago
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Broken Windows/Incivilities Thesis
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-arguement- maintaining and monitoring urban environments in a well-ordered condition may stop further vandalism and escalation into more serious crime. - MODEL: social disorder/physical disorder + fear/withdraw from local community and neighborhood space + crime/delinquency
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Sampson and Raudenbush article on Systemic Social Observation
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collected data through census, data from Chicago PD, surveys, and systematic social observation
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Crime rates influenced by social structural factors
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-concentrated disadvantage is the most important -complicated relationship of gentrification and crime
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What is gentrification?
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-changes composition of neighborhood population -changes physical appearance -changes to neighborhood culture/character -'the process by which higher income households displace lower income [household] of a neighborhood, changing the essential character and flavor of that neighborhood' (most accepted definition)
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Impact of gentrification on neighborhoods is hotly debated
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-could be associated with declines in crime -could be associated with increased crime -could be curvilinear Initial increase, followed by declines -overall-consistent evidence of declines in violent crime types
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What are the limitations of neighborhood theories?
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-How should neighborhoods be defined? Census tracks? -overemphasis on urban areas (inner city) -limited data on neighborhood communities -differential social organization
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How has conflict theory developed?
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-popular from 1805 to World War I (1920's) -grounded in Marx, but NOT developed by Marx -Karl Marx and crime-source of \"social imperfections\" such as crime found in how the state is structured -laws are created and enforced to reflect the interests of the powerful
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Why are crime rates higher among lower class? Lunch and Groves
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-Capitalism based on competition for resources -Inequality built into the capitalism -Inequalities affect opportunities life chances and choices -Variation in chances and choices affect likelihood of crime
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Why conflict theory fell out of favor
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-issues with determinism -Revolution? Occupy Wall Street as example
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Re-birth of Social Conflict built upon Marxian framework
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-definitions and control determined by powerful -interested in misuse of power -mainstream research used to develop oppressive policies -against the dismantling of social support systems
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Two distinctions from Social Conflict
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-greater emphasis on law -additional inequalities explored
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How does capitalism encourage crime?
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competition
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Types of crime promoted by capitalism
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economic domination, control, government, social injury
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Bloloack's Group Threat Theory
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Where 'subordinate' groups are viewed as a threat, repressive actions are taken against them Ex. vagrancy laws, hate crime laws, felony disenfranchisement
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examples of support
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class and crime association, race/ethnicity and crime. effect of unemployment, felon disenfranchisement
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masculinity hypothesis (Lambroso)
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criminal women possess traits of men
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socialization (Thomas and Freud)
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-males and females socialized differently -female crime is an expression of rebellion against idea of femininity
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chivalry hypothesis (Pollak)
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-female crime is hidden -instigation vs perpetration -opportunities provided by occupations -chivalrous treatment by CJ system
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Chesney-Lind critiques
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-overemphasis on males -little attention to status offenses Ex. social learning (Sutherland): boys will be boys social control (Hirschi): role of women discussed as a footnote -strain theory Ex. Cohen: delinquents are rogue males Cloward and Ohlin: women are blamed for male delinquency -research focused on violence among males and street gangs
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Chesney_Lind: reduce gender stratification
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1. Increase sensitivity to patriarchal definitions of crime 2. How do social control agencies help to reinforce women's place in male society? -girls behavior is often sexualized 3. Increased familiarity with how girls and women see their experiences -Should take an intersectional approach that explores differences among combination of race, sex, and class
