Sociology Test: Chapters 8-11 – Flashcards
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The children of the _______ class are the most likely to go to private preparatory school.
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upper
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What is inequality?
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Unequal distribution of scarce resources
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The term power refers to which of the following? a. Honor and prestige given by the community b. Being regularly invited to high-status social events c. Having authority and respect d. Being able to accumulate vast quantities of consumer goods.
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c. Having authority and respect
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The majority of people in the United States are in the _________ class.
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working
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True or False? People are ranked according to wealth, status, and personality.
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False
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Why can't poverty be solved by finding jobs for the adult poor population?
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Many work but the pay is below the poverty level.
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True or False? The caste system is found only in industrial nations.
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False
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According to Durkheim, what created the division of labor?
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Organic solidarity
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True or False? Middle-class people in the United States own most of the wealth of the nation.
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False
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How does the rate of poverty in the United States compare to other countries?
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It is lower in other countries.
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True or False? Our position in the stratification system influences not only our chances to earn income, but just about everything in our lives.
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True
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True or False? Structural functionalists hold that inequality is created by the desires and needs of individuals.
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False
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Social class, according to Weber, is based on which of the following? a. Wealth and life chances to accumulate wealth b. One's knowledge of high-society c. Ownership of expensive items such as Italian sports cars and mansion in Beverly Hills, California d. Family background and education
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Wealth and life chances to accumulate wealth
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Which of the following is true about simple horticultural societies? a. They use digging sticks as their basic tool. b They have no leisure time. c. They have no armies. d. They have no slaves.
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They use digging sticks as their basic tool.
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True or False? If the masses believe what the upper class tells them, they are said to have class consciousness.
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False
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Which of the following is true about industrial societies? a. They have more equality than other types of societies. b. They are more stratified than other types of societies. c. They are less stratified in occupations than are other societies. d. They emphasize communal living.
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They are more stratified than other types of societies
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What is the best predictor of people's earnings?
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Family background
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Mobility in the United States has been influenced least by which of the following? a. Increased technology b. Equal opportunity c. The growth of large corporations d. The split labor market
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Equal opportunity
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To what does stratification refer?
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Structural ranking of people according to their possession of scarce resources
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True or False? Some people in the United States are so poor that they do not have a place to live.
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True
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The top 1% of households own nearly what percent of privately held wealth in the United States?
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35%
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People generally feel most comfortable with people who are which of the following? a. People in their own social class b. People in the highest social class c. People in the lowest social class d. None of the above. People do not judge other people by class.
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People in their own social class
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The 2011 median income in the United States for women with full-time jobs is closest to which of the following? a. $28,000 b. $37,000 c. $51,000 d. $75,000
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$37,000
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According to structural functional theorists, why does stratification occur?
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Society has unequal needs for different types of work
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True or False? Social class is based on the amount of respect our neighbors give us.
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False
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Which of the following is true about agrarian societies? a. They have not developed advanced horticulture. b. They do not trade with other societies. c. They use armies to control slaves and serfs. d. They emphasize communal living.
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They use armies to control slaves and serfs.
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True or False? The system of ranking people in the social structure is known as stratification.
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True
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According to Weber, social status refers to which of the following? a. Economic assets b. Accumulated consumer goods c. Honor and prestige given by the community d. Life chances to accumulate wealth
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Honor and prestige given by the community
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True or False? Medical care is not distributed equally in the United States.
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True
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In 2009, roughly how many Americans were without health insurance?
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50 million
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When people assign themselves to a class, how do they most define themselves?
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middle class
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Which of the following is true of advanced horticulture societies?
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They have a wide variety of occupations.
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True or False? The move to urban areas and the increased standard of living has improved the incline of many Americans.
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True
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True or False? People are ranked according to wealth, status, and personality.
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False
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True or False? Industrial societies have achieved a great deal of equality, more so than other types of societies.
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False
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What are the opportunities a person has to improve his or her income and lifestyle called?
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Life chances
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True or False? Social status is based on belonging to the right political party.
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False
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A system of stratification in which class is ascribed at birth and cannot be changed is called a _________ system.
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Caste
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Why do conflict theorists suggest that stratification occurs?
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Individuals use coercion and exploitation to accumulate scarce resources
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In sociology, how is poverty defined?
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As having less than necessary for food, shelter, and medical care
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What is institutional discrimination?
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It is caused by criteria established by institutions.
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The practice of systematically destroying a whole race __________.
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is called genocide.
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True or False? The Native American equivalent to the family is the band, which includes a number of related families who live in close proximity.
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True
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What is prejudice?
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A negative attitude about another group
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When does cultural pluralism occur?
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When a variety of racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinctive cultural patterns
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True or False? Slavery had considerable impact on the culture of African Americans.
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True
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What is discrimination?
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An action intended to exclude another group
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What is the largest identified ethnic group in the United States?
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Hispanic
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Which is true of racial groups? a. They are socially constructed categories of people who are distinguished from each other by select physical characteristics. b. Definitions of race can include biological, physical, and social meanings. c. Truly objective criteria of racial groups based strictly on physical or biological characteristics do not seem to exist. d. All of the above
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All of the above
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True or False? The word ethic is derived from the Greek word ethnikos which translates to mean nations in English.
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True
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Displacement in a split labor market refers to displacing which of the following? a. The system with a more equitable one b. Highly paid labor with cheap labor c. Cheap labor with high-cost labor d. Labor with automation
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Highly paid labor with cheap labor
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True or False? The Chinese were the first Asians to enter this country in large numbers.
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True
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Which of the following would be a radical approach to changing the split labor market? a. To do away with labor markets b. To replace all highly paid workers c. To higher from only one group d. To form a coalition of all labor groups that demand equal pay
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To form a coalition of all labor groups that demand equal pay
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Why are white ethnic groups distinguished from the majority of Americans?
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Their European background
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What are characteristics of an authoritarian personality?
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!!!!!!!!! a. A preference of orderliness and stability b. Flexibility and the ability to change c. Writing books
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When does melting pot assimilation occur in the United States?
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When groups combine cultural practices
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True or False? Prejudice is, in part, sustained through stereotypes.
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True
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What are stereotypes?
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Widely held beliefs about the character and behavior of members of a group
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Why are Asian Americans distinguished from the majority of Americans?
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Their physical characteristics
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True or False? Race is a meaningful biological concept for physical anthropologists.
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False
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When does institutional racism occur?
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When the folkways, mores, and laws of a society are racist
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When does interracial contact lead to reduced prejudice?
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When the parties are of equal status
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What is racism?
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!!!!!!!!! a. A set of beliefs, and actions based on those beliefs, about a racial group b. Racial prejudice, but not discrimination c. The principle of equal opportunity for all races
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If a society is ethnically stratified, all except which of the following elements are present?
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Equal opportunity
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Which of the following is true regarding mass expulsion of a race? a. It has never occurred. b. It is called ethnic cleansing. c. It is called genocide. d. None of the above.
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None of the above
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True or False? Minorities such as Native Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans suffer from low incomes, but nevertheless receive as much education as mainstream white Americans.
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False
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True or False? Ethnicity is based on national origin, religion, and language.
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True
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What happens in melting pot assimilation?
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Each group contributes a bit of its own culture in a new synthesis
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To what does exploitation refer?
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Stigmatizing another group as inferior to justify their subordination
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Which minority group has the lowest life expectancy, lowest school enrollment rates, and highest rate of alcoholism?
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Native Americans
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True or False? African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans are the 3 largest minority groups in the United States.
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False
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Why are Mexican Americans distinguished from the majority of Americans?
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Their strong family ties and size
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True or False? Mexican Americans are noted for problems relating to the breakdown of the family.
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False
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Which of the following is true of assimilation and pluralism?
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They can occur together
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True or False? Prejudice is an overt act of barring people from social institutions.
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False
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Why are African Americans distinguised from the majority of Americans?
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All of the above
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True or False? The key characteristic of minority groups is their size.
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False
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True or False? Saying that a group, "breeds like rabbits" is an example of discrimination.
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False
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How does cultural pluralism occur?
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When a variety of racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinctive cultural patterns
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What was affirmative actions's original intention?
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to seek out minorities and provide equal opportunity
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Why are Jewish Americans distinguished from the majority of Americans?
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Their cultural traditions
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True or False? The poor, aged, and handicapped are some examples of ethnic minority groups.
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False
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True or False? Structural functionalists maintains that the gender roles assigned by a society are functional to the society.
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True
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True or False? Women who work when they have young children at home are less healthy than other women.
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True
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What does the cross-cultural studies of gender differences show?
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Gender roles vary enormously
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Medieval women did which of the following? a. Rarely worked because there were no opportunities for paying jobs b. Worked in the home, but never for income c. Produced goods in the home for income d. Worked outside the home whenever they needed income
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Produced goods in the home for income
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When wives work and husbands are unemployed, which of the following occurs? a. He does most of the housework b. She does most of the housework c. They share the work equally d. They get a housekeeper
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She does most of the housework
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True or False? Men in all societies are more assertive than women.
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False
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The percentage of women senior executives in Fortune 500 companies as of 2012 is approximately ________.
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19%
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True or False? The gap between the earnings of men and women has steadily narrowed for the past fifty years.
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False
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What is the focus of the women's movement in Europe?
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Special privileges for women
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What is the difference between gender and sex?
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Gender pertains to the cultural concepts of masculinity and femininity.
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What do conflict theorists believe about women?
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They are easily trapped in the split labor market.
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In the Middle Ages, what was the status of the women?
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Women could join communes or convents if they did not wish to marry
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True or False? Because comparable worth is fair, it will be enacted soon.
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False
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True or False? Conflict theorists believe men need to control women so that they can be sure of the paternity of children.
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True
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True or False? Jobs in the secondary labor force are being moved to developing world countries where women work for low wages.
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True
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What is one argument of conflict theorists?
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Men have long considered women valuable property.
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What do trends in the labor market show? a. Skilled male workers being laid off b. Skilled jobs being divided into simpler jobs c. Women filling unskilled jobs at low wages d. All of the above
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All of the above
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What is the reason family violence most likely continues?
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Those who are abused have little to no income
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What happens in societies as they become more complex?
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Men and women become more differentiated.
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Which of the following is true of women, at the beginning of the twentieth century? a. Most women married, b. Fewer women were marrying than ever before. c. Opportunities for work outside the home increased dramatically. d. Women's status both in the home and in the workplace was at a high level.
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Most women married.
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No-fault divorce has resulted in which of the following? a. Men paying more alimony. b. Men taking more blame for divorce. c. More women staying in the family home after divorce. d. Women having a much reduced standard of living following divorce.
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Women having a much reduced standard of living following divorce.
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True or False? The women's movement has successfully made treatment fair for the victims of rape.
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False
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What do structural functionalists believe about women in the work force?
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They will move into higher positions in the bureaucracy.
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What do structural functionalists believe about women?
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They will eventually develop roles similar to those of their husbands.
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According to DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, more than ______ of women, who were heads of families with no husband present, have incomes below the poverty line.
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30%
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What generally occurs in hunting and gathering societies?
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Both men and women learn to be assertive and independent.
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True or False? Stress among women who are housewives occurs more from lack of respect than from the nature of their work.
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True
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What do supporters of wages based on comparable worth demand?
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Equal pay for work requiring similar levels of skills, even if they're not identical
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Which of the following is a reason that violence between the sexes is likely to continue? a. Sexual attraction between sexes b. Mutual respect between sexes c. A lack of mutual respect between sexes d. Equality of opportunity
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A lack of mutual respect between sexes
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Which of the following is true regarding medical care for women?
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It often interferes with the normal reproductive process.
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What is found in families that give high status to housewives?
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Women's level of stress is reduced, especially in Mexico
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True or False? Women hold high-status occupations proportionate to their numbers in the work force which is about on par with men.
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False
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True or False? Gender roles in a society are related to its structure.
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True
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What is the argument of conflict theorists?
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Men have long considered women valuable property
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Which of the following is one major reason women earn less than men?
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Wages in the secondary labor force, in which most working women are employed, are low
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Often, what is the basis for women's negative self-perceptions?
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The low status given to housewives
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What do structural functionalists theorize?
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The roles of husbands and wives are becoming similar
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All of the following statements are true, except which one?
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Rape is best prevented by avoiding strangers
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True or False? In active euthanasia, actions are deliberately taken to end a person's life.
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True
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What group has the highest life expectancy out of all races and genders in the United States?
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White females
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According to conflict theorists, which of the following is true regarding the elderly?
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They are a minority group in a youth-oriented society.
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What group has the shortest life expectancy?
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Black males
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The state of _______ has the smallest percentage of persons over age 65, while _______ has the highest percentage.
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Alaska; Florida
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True or False? Most old men are married while most old women are not.
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True
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What is euthanasia?
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Bringing about death to end prolonged suffering
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What is age?
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An ascribed status
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True or False? Disengagement theory argues that the elderly want to be less involved in the activities of society.
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True
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True or False? Many elderly people have very adequate incomes, and they live comfortable and pleasant lives in retirement.
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True
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The "graying of America" refers to ....
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The proportion of the population over sixty-five is growing.
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True or False? All elderly receive Social Security payments, which provide for their basic needs.
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False
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An old-age dependency ration compares which of the following? a. The number of working-aged people to the number of non-working elderly b. The number of middle-aged workers to the number of elderly workers c. The number of middle-aged nonworkers to the number of elderly nonworkers d. All workers to all nonworkers
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The number of working-aged people to the number of non-working elderly
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True or False? Modernization theory states that: the more modern a society, the lower the status of the elderly.
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True
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Who is likely to retire early?
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Married with a high social status
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What do modernization theorists hold true?
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!!!!!!! a. The increased leisure of the elderly is dysfunctional c. The lack of skills among elderly workers causes their unemployment d. Social roles and the age of the population function together
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What group has the longest life expectancy?
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Black females
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According to modernization theorists, why does the elderly population gain status as societies grow more modern?
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Because of their poor technical skills
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The most common source of income for the elderly is ________.
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Social Security
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Where do the elderly most often live?
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Metropolitan areas
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True or False? Hospices emphasize involvement with family members and prefer that patients have lots of visitors.
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True
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True or False? Euthanasia is the act of deliberately ending a terminally ill person's life.
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True
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True or False? The elderly are more likely to live in cities and less likely to live in the suburbs than are other age groups.
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True
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Why do we have different expectations about people at different ages?
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Age norms vary widely.
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According to some research, the elderly gain most satisfaction from _______.
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Interaction with family and friends
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True or False? Conflict theories believe that the elderly should be entitled to more power than young groups.
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False
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Stereotypes about older people can lead to prejudice and discrimination. This is referred to as __________.
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Ageism
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According to Robert Atchley in 1982, the retirement process involves all the following periods except __________________.
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preliminary retirement
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Which of the following is not true? a. The elderly are heavily concentrated in Florida. b. The elderly are moving to the South and West in growing numbers. c. New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio have relatively few elderly people. d. Alaska has the least number of elderly people.
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New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio have relatively few elderly people.
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Attitudes toward death and dying are _________________.
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universal? Learned through the socialization process? Changing rapidly as medical practice changes?
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What does the social exchange theory argue about the elderly?
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They bargain for rewards by being compliant
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What does the disengagment theory state regarding the elderly?
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!!!!!!!!
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True or False? Retirement is functional for society, and every society has a system for retiring the elderly from the workforce.
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False
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True or False? Alzheimer's disease has no cure and is fatal.
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True
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True or False? Age is a status by living a long time.
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False
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Who is likely to retire late?
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Poor women without husbands
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True or False? Conflict theorists believe that the elderly should be entitled to more power than young groups.
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False
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Get em killa
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Oh yeah
