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Entire way of life for a group of people; Hard to see our own; we may not recognize it; includes: languages, standards of beauty, hand gestures, style of dresses, food, and music. It is learned, and passed from one generation through communication

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Culture

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personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

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Culture Shock

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when a person uses their own culture as a standard to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one's own are abnormal

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Ethnocentrism

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process of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging according to one's own culture *important when studying a group*

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Culture Relativism

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(symbols) traffic signals or product logo; meaningfully represent something else

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Signs

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(hand) using one's body language; stand, sit, facial expression, where you look

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Gesture

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(structure) system of communication using vocal sounds. MOST SIGNIFICANT. shape's how we perceive the world.

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Language

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idea that language structures thought and the ways of looking at the world and embedded in languages supports this premise

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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shared beliefs about what a group considers worthwhile or desirable; these guide the creation of norms

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Values

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formal/informal rules regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable and appro. within a culture

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Norms

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law

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Formal

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not written down as a law

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Informal

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Rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to cultural norms (positive/negative) Ex: smile=smile back

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Sanctions

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distinguished by the strictness with which they are enforced Ex: Mom at home

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Types of norms

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loosely enforced norm that involves common cust., practices, or procedures that ensure smooth social interaction people are often not surprised if they are disregarded Ex: speed limit

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Folkway

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norm that carries greater moral significance is closely related to the core values of a group and often involves severe repercussion for violations Ex: murder

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Mores

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norm engrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust, horror, or revulsion for most people Ex: cannabilism

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Taboo

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values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and language background

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Multiculturalism

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cultural diversity can involve social class; differences arise because cultural patterns are accessible to only some members of society

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High Culture and Popular Culture

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refers to a cultural patter that distinguish a society's elite Ex: Plays in New York

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High Culture

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widespread patterns among a society's population; everyone can afford these Ex: movies at a movie theatre

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Pop Culture

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values, norms, and practices of a group within society that is most powerful in terms of wealth, prestige, status, and influence

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Dominant Culture

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(grey area) a group within society that is differentiated

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Subculture

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(grey area) group within society that openly rejects and/or actively opposes society's values/norms

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Counterculture

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Sub: sports fans/nerds

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Values (sub/counter)

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change slowly; subculture can influence the mainstream and become part of dominant culture

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Culture Change

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fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others

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Cultural Lag

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1. Invention = new devices 2. Discovery = new ways of thinking 3. Diffusion = culture moving place-to-place

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3 Ways

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americanize things; Ex: school year

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Outdated Traditions

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because of the restrictive nature of society, some days are referred to as moral holiday's because the norms of society change Ex: football games/mardi gras

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Moral Holiday

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the means of delivering impersonal communication to a vast audience; U.S. has highest rate of TV ownership in the world

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The Mass Media

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provokes much criticism

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Television and Politics

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most of television history, racial and ethnic minorities have been invisible and stereotypical

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Liberal

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television and film are dominated by liberal cultural elite

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Conservative

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learning continues through out or lives; society organizes human experience according to: childhood, adolescence, adulthood, old age

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Socialization through the life course

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death as an orderly transition = 5 stages

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Elizabeth Kubler Ross

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denial, anger, negotiation, resignation, acceptance

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5 Stages of Death

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1. breakdown existing identity 2. build a new self through a system of reward and punishment

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Degraduation Ceremony 2 Part Process

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positioning society that comes with a set of expectations

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Status

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behaviors expected from a particulate status

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Roles

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experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectiations

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Role Conflict

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process of evoking, suppressing, or managing feelings to create a public display of emotion

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Emotion Work

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individuals in the same place who do not see themselves as a group Ex: waiting in line

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Aggregate

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people who share things in common, but don't communicate Ex: men whose last name start with E

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Category

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two or more people who identify with one another

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Social Groups

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intimate groups with face to face interaction and cooperation

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Primary Groups

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large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity; may break down into primary

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Secondary Group

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mobment ; riot rule

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Diffusion of Responsibility

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feel loyalty toward; feel respect for other members and pride in a group

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In

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a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition; based on the idea that we have valued traits they lack

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Out

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serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions; used to assess our own attitudes and behaviors

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Reference Groups

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a web of weak (usually) social ties; a social web expanding outward; reaching grate distances and including large numbers of people; usually people we know, may be weak but very powerful

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Social Networks

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(peer pressure) is the influence of ones fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors, conform for acceptance

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Social Influence

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the mildest form of conformity, actions to gain reward or avoid punishment Ex: purple T-shirt

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Compliance

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conformity to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group Ex: buying Coronado shirts

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Identification

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the strongest type of conformity, and individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them his or her won Ex: rooting against monterey

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Internalization

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groups efficiency usually declines as its size increases because organizing takes time and "social loafing" increases

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Teamwork

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the ability to control the actions of others

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Power

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by threat influential power; by persuasion

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Coercive Power

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custom, birthright, divine rights and is usually associated with monarchies and dynasties

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Traditional Authority

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based on laws, rules, and procedures

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Legal-ration Authority

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by perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader

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Charismatic Authority

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all groups have some leadership

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Leadership

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completion of task

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Instrumental Leadership

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well being and motivation

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Expressive Leadership

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everyone in decision making; draw on the ideas of all members

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Democratic Leadership

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allows group to function on its own

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Laissez-Faire Leadership

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takes personal charge of decision making; demands that group members obey order

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Authoritarian Leadership

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Milgarm Expierement

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Authority

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Asch Expereiment

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Peer Pressure

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the cultural aspects of social control, whereby the ideas of the dominant social group are accepted by all of society

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Hegemony

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the formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms thus increase social cohesion

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Social Control

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clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld

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Cultural Wars

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the process by which cultures that were once unique and distinct become increasingly similar

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Cultural Leveling

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the imposition of one cultures beliefs and practices on another culture through mass media and consumer products rather than by military force

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Cultural Imperialism

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in myths and rare real-world cases, children who have had little human contact and may have lived in social isolation from a young age

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Feral Children

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basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy

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ID

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realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the ID and the superego

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Ego

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two components: the conscience and the ego-ideal; represents the internalized demands of society

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Superego

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the way of life of a group of people, beliefs and traditions that are passed down from one generation to another

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What is culture?

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true

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What is considered deviant today might be a norm in the future

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False

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Smoking has become more of a norm in recent years?

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The different child rearing techniques of families based on socioeconomic status

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In the Concept Workshop "Unequal Childhoods" what did Dalton Conley Interview Annette Lareau about?

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for their children to eventually get a better job then they had

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In the Concept Workshop "Unequal Childhoods" what did Annette Lareau say that all parents in her study wanted for their children?

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the nature vs. nurture debate

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The discussion about whether genetics or socialization influences human behavior is:

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False

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The main point of the "Dating" activity is that you are more likely to get a second date if you are more physically attractive

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Looking- Glass self

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Which concept best describes the idea that the self develops through our perception of others evaluations and appraisals of us

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the expressive equipment we consciously or unconsciously use as we present ourselves to others, including appearance and manner, to help establish the definition of the situation

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Personal front

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in the dramaturigical perspective, the context or setting in which the performance takes place

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Region

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the belief that we experience the self as both subject and object, the "i" and the "me"

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Dual Nature Of The Self

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ethnographic description that focuses on the feelings and reactions of the ethnographer

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Autoethnography

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values or behaviors that students learn indirectly ober the course of their schooling because of the structure of the educational system and the teaching methods used

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Hidden Curriculum

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an institution in which individuals are cut off from the rest of society so that their lives can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of systematically stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones

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Total Institution

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the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life

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Resocialization

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social groups, institutions, and individuals (especially the family, schools, peers, and the mass media) that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place

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Agents Of Socialization

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the third stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other

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Game Stage

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the first stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children mimic or imitate others

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Preparatory Stage

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four distinct stages of the development of the self between birth and adulthood, according to Freud. Each stage is associated with a different erogenous zone

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Psycho Sexual Stages Of Development

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the second stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children pretend to play the role of the particular or significant other

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Play Stage

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the tension experienced when there are contradictory expectations within on role

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Role Strain

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the process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy

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Role Exit

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the set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her status

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Role

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the perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or of society in general) that a child learns and then takes into account when shaping his or her own behavior

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Generalized Others

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classic formulation of the way individuals define situations, whereby "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"

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Thomas Theroem

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the individuals conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identity separate and distinct from other individuals

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Self

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an inborn status; usually difficult or impossible change

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Ascribed Status

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a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others

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Achieved Status

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a status generated by physical characteristics

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Embodied Status

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a status that is always relevant and affects all other statuses we possess

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Master Status

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behaviors that help others to save face or avoid embarrassment, often referred to as civility or tact

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Cooling The Mark Out

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in the dramaturgical perspective, the region in which we deliver our public performances

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Front Stage

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in the dramaturgical perspective, places in which we rehearse and prepare for our performances

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Backstage

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the process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that is exists

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Social Construction

Sociology Study Notes Ch. 3/4/5 – Flashcards

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