Sociology- Society the Basics-Ch 14-Education, Health and Medicine – Flashcards
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Education
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the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values
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social epidemiology
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the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population
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schooling
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formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers
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the extent of schooling in any society
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is tied to its level of economic development
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low income countries
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have little schooling
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structural-Functional theory of schooling
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highlights major functions of schooling, including socialization, cultural innovation, social integration, and the placement of people in the social heirarchy
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symbolic-Interaction theory of schooling
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helps us understand that stereotypes can have important consequences for how people act
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Social-Conflict theory
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links schooling to the hierarchy involving class, race and gender
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latent functions of schooling
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providing child care and building social networks
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Formal education
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serves as a means of generating conformity to produce obedient adult workers
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tracking
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assigning students to different types of educational programs; a program that gives privileged youngsters a richer education
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the self-fulfilling prophecy
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people who expect others to act in certain ways often encourage that very behavior; ex. Jane Elliott "blue eyes vs. brown eyes" experiment
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three ways schooling causes and perpetuates social inequality
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social control, standardized testing and tracking
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Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
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they declared that the demand for public education in the late nineteenth century was based on capitalist factory owners' need for a disciplined and obedient workforce
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Parochial " Of the Parish"
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Catholic schools
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Protestant private schools
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Christian Academies
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Public Schools
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Difference in funding between rich and poor communities result in unequal resources
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credentialed society
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society that evaluates people based on schooling
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Student passivity
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students who are bored in class
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Functional Illiteracy
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a lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living
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US Academic Standards
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spend more on schooling than almost any other country; US placed 16th in science and 19th in math
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School Choice
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Create a market for education so parents and students can shop for best value
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Magnet Schools
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offer special facilities and programs to promote educational excellence
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Charter Schools
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Public Schools that are given more freedom to try new policies and programs
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Schooling for Profit
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School systems operated by private profit-making companies rather than government
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Home Schooling
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Parents do not believe public education is doing a good job; students who learn at home outperform those who learn in school
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Mainstreaming
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including students with disabilities in the education program
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Regarding Adult Education
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Adults represent a growing proportion of students in the US
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Regarding the Teacher Shortage
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about 400,000 teaching vacancies exist in the US each year due to low salaries, frustration, retirement, and rising enrollments and class size
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Medicine
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the social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health
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Health
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a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
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Social Epidemiology
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the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population
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eating disorder
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an intense form of dieting or other unhealthy method of weight control driven by the desire to be very thin
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euthanasia
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assisting in the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease; also known as mercy killing
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age 65
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more than 80% of US children born today will live to at least this age
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Structural-Functional theory of health and Medicine
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considers illness to be dysfunctional because it reduces people's abilities to perform their roles
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The sick role
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excuses the ill person from routine social responsibilities
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physician's role
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is to use specialized knowledge to take charge of the patient's recovery.
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Symbolic-Interaction theory of health and medicine
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investigates the meanings that people attach to health illness, and medical care
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Social-Conflict theory of health and medicine
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focuses on the unequal distribution of health and medical care
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Marxist theory criticizes the US medical establishment for
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its over-reliance on drugs and surgery, the dominance of the profit motive, and over-emphasis on the biological rather than the social causes of illness
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Feminist theory criticizes the medical establishment for
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"scientific" statements and policies that effectively allow men to dominate women
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Anorexia Nervosa
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dieting to the point of starvation
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Bulimia
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binge eating followed by induced vomiting to avoid weight gain
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obesity
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2/3 of US adults are obese, it limits physical activity and raise risk of serious diseases
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Gonorrhea and syphilis
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cured easily with antibiotics
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Genital Herpes
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45 million adults in US and is incurable
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AIDS
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first reported in 1980 in the West Village....back then it was referred to as WOG's Disease (Wrath Of God); most serious of all STD's; incurable and almost always fatal
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Death
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defined as an irreversible state involving no response to stimulation, no movement or breathing, no reflexes, and no indication of brain activity
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"Right to die"
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one of today's most difficult issues
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Socialists Societies
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define medical care as a right; governments offer basic care equally to everyone
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Capitalist societies
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view medical care as a commodity to be purchased, although most capitalist governments help pay for medical care through socialized medicine or national health insurance
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holistic medicine
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an approach to health care that emphasizes prevention of illness and takes into account a person's entire physical and social enviornment
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socialized medicine
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a medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most physicians
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direct-fee system
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a medical care system in which patients pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals
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health maintenance organization (HMO)
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an organization that provides comprehensive medical care to subscribers for a fixed fee
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private insurance
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68% of US population has
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Psychosomatic disorders
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when state of mind guides physical sensations
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the profit motive
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the real problem is not access to medical care but capitalist medicine itself; profit motive turns doctors, hospitals, and the pharmaceutical industry into multibillion-dollar corporations
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Medicines as Politics a la Marx
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Scientific medicine takes sides on significant social issues 1. medical establishments opposes governmental medical programs 2. Recently allowed women to join ranks of physicians 3. Racial and sexual discrimination kept women and people of color out of medicine 4. Scientific medicine explains illness in terms of bacteria and viruses ignoring poverty, racism, and sexism
