question

After submitting her completed research dissertation to her comittee, Becky was accused of plagiarism by the chair of the department. What did the chair believe Becky did?

answer

Becky copied major parts of her dissertation from someone elses work

question

To be classified as a society, what are the two key qualitites a group of people must share?

answer

A common culture and a territory

question

Which sociological perspective analyzes how social life depends on the ways we define ourselves and other?

answer

Symbolic interactionism

question

Which sociological perspective analyzes how social life depends on the ways we define ourselves and other?

answer

Symbolic interactionism

question

What term describes the use of sociology to solve social problems in business, the workplace, and other aspects of society?

answer

Applied sociology

question

How did Karl Marx and Max Weber differ in their theoretical assumptions?

answer

Marx believed economics was the central force driving social change, and Weber claimed it was religion

question

What event led to an uprooting of what had been traditional social arrangements?

answer

The industrial revolution

question

What is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work?

answer

A theory

question

Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources?

answer

Conflict theory

question

Which theoretical perspective stresses that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together harmoniously?

answer

Functional analysis

question

What term did Robert Merton use to describe human actions that hurt a system (society) that are usually unintended?

answer

Latent dysfunctions

question

Frank is examining the broad stream of events that have occurred over the past 50 years and the specific experiences of his own life. By doing so, what sociological process has Frank undertaken?

answer

The sociological imagination

question

Based on Emile Durkheims research on suicide, which individual would be the greatest suicide risk?

answer

Herbert, a single Protestant man living in the city

question

Anthony is conducting experimental research on the effects of an educational therapy programand the conflict-resolution skills of inmates. He has established two groups. Group A will receive a special conflict-resolution therapy program. Group B will go about their routine without receiving the therapy or a therapy substitute. What is Group B in experimental research such as this?

answer

The control group

question

Sociological Perspective

answer

Stresses the social contexts in which people live;examines how contexts influence peoples lives

question

Society

answer

A groups of people who share a culture and a territory

question

Sociology

answer

"The study of society"; the purpose is not only to discover social principles, but also to apply them to social reform

question

Positivism

answer

Applying the scientific method to the social world, suggested by Auguste Comte

question

Class Conflict

answer

The engine of human history, the idea that society is made up of two classes and that they are natural enemies (Burgeoise v. Proletariat)

question

Social Integration

answer

The degree to which people are tied to their social group

question

Replication

answer

Repeating a study in order to compare a new study with the original findings

question

Values

answer

Beliefs about what is good or desirable in life and the way the world ought to be

question

Latent Dysfunctions

answer

Usually unintended human actions that hurt a system

question

Applied Sociology

answer

Using sociology to solve problems

question

Theory

answer

A general statement of how some parts of the world fit together and how they work

question

Micro-Level Analysis

answer

Examining what people do when they are in one anothers presence

question

Macro-Level Analysis

answer

Examining large scale patterns of society

question

Participant Observation

answer

Where the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting

question

Public Sociology

answer

Harnessing the sociological perspective for the benefit of the public, a middle ground between research and reform

question

Social Location

answer

The corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society

question

Emile Durkheim

answer

Found the trends underlying suicide, less social integration=the higher the rate, proestant, male, and unmarried have higher rates

question

Social Integration

answer

The degree to which people are tied to their social groups

question

W.E.B. Du Bois

answer

African American, fought againt racisms, published a book on black white relations, founded National Association fro the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

question

Jane Addams

answer

Co founded NAACP and fought for social reform

question

Symbolic Interactionism

answer

Idea that symbols (things to which we attach meaning) are the key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with one another

question

Functional Analysis / Structural Functionalism

answer

The society is a whole unit, made up of iterrelated parts that work together, like organs working together in a body

question

Classless Society

answer

Concept that Karl Marx believed in would be a result of a revolution due to class conflict

question

Manifest/Latent Functions

answer

Manifest is an action that is intended to help the system and latent is a function that unintendedly helps the system adjust

question

Conflict Theory

answer

A conclusion by Marx that the key to human history in class conflict

question

Operational Definition

answer

Precise ways to measure the variables

question

What term do sociologists use to describe the language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, and material objects shared by members of society that are also passed from one generation to the next?

answer

Culture

question

Which set of concepts best illustrates nomaterial culture?

answer

Beliefs, values, norms

question

When sociologists use the phrase, "the culture within us," what do they mean?

answer

Shared and learned ways of believing and doing become taken-for-granted assumptions

question

Mark is a foreign exchange student living with a Chinese family. The first night he was with them his hosts served a delicious entree of meat and vegetables. Although tasty, Mark could not identify the meat. When his host told him it was roast dog Mark became upset and decided to become a vegetarian for the course of his stay. In view of this, which sociological concept did Mark just experience?

answer

Culture shock

question

What is the tendency to use our own groups ways of doing things as the yardstick for judging the behavior, values, and beliefs of others?

answer

Ethnocentrism

question

How do members of a society acquire the ability to use and understand gestures?

answer

Most gestures are learned through interaction with others

question

What term refers to how our language determines our consciousness and perceptions of objects and events?

answer

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

question

What are the expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of a groups values?

answer

Norms

question

What term describes hugs, smiles, and "high fives" that are freely given between two individuals as a sign of expressing approval for following a norm?

answer

Positive Sanctions

question

What term describes a society which is made up of many different religions, races, and ethnic groups?

answer

A pluralistic society

question

What is the core value that pervades U.S. life and is underscored by the American revolution?

answer

Freedom

question

What term do sociologists use to describe the norms and values that people actually follow as opposed to those the would follow if they lives in "a perfect world"?

answer

Real culture

question

When American servicemen occupied Japan following World War II, the Japanese watched the Americans playing baseball, appreciated the sport, and adopted it themselves. Today, baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of what?

answer

Cultural diffusion

question

Wayne always wears a lapel pin on his suit signifying that he was the recipient of the Medal of Honor when he was in the service. Usually, only veterans recognize what the pin actually means. In view of this, which of the following terms best describes Waynes lapel pin?

answer

It is a symbol to which people attach meaning

question

Counterculture

answer

A group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture

question

Cultural Diffusion

answer

The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another

question

Cultural Lag

answer

Ogburns term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations

question

Cultural Leveling

answer

The process by which cultures become similar to one another especially refers to the process by which U.S. culture is being imported and diffused into other nations

question

Cultural Relativism

answer

Not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms (cultural empathy)

question

Culture

answer

The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next

question

Culture Shock

answer

The disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life

question

Ethnocentrism

answer

The use of ones own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of the other societies values, norms, and behaviors

question

Folkways

answer

Norms that are not strictly enforces

question

Gestures

answer

The ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another

question

Ideal Culture

answer

The ideal values and norms of a people; the goals held out for them

question

Language

answer

A system of symbols that can be combines in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought

question

Material Culture

answer

The material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry

question

Mores

answer

Norms that are strictly enforce because they are thought essential to core values

question

Negative Sanction

answer

An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such a a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution

question

New Technology

answer

An emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life

question

Nonmaterial Culture / Symbolic Culture

answer

A groups ways of thinking (and culture) and doing (it common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction)

question

Norms

answer

The expectations, or rules of behavior, that develop to reflect and enforce values

question

Pluralistic Society

answer

A society made up of many different groups

question

Positive Sanction

answer

A reward or positive reaction for following norms

question

Real Culture

answer

The norms and values that people actually follow

question

Sanctions

answer

Expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms

question

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

answer

Edward Sapirs and Benjamin Whorfs hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving

question

Subculture

answer

The values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world withint a world

question

Symbol

answer

Something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others

question

Symbolic Culture

answer

Another term for nonmaterial culture

question

Taboo

answer

A norm thought essential for societys welfare, one so strong that it brings revulsion if violated

question

Technology

answer

In its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools

question

Value Contradiction

answer

Values that contradict one another to follow the one means to come into conflict with the otehr

question

Values

answer

The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly

question

According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self concept?

answer

Our self concept develops from interaction with others

question

In Piagets model, in which stage do children become "young philosophers" who are capable of abstract thinking?

answer

The formal operational stage

question

What are the stages we pass through from birth to death that include childhood, adolescence, transitional childhood, the middle years, and the older years?

answer

The life course

question

Meagan always paints her fingernails purple and always wears a pin representing the Minnesota Vikings. What term describes what Meagans purple fingernails and pin represent?

answer

It is Meagans personal identity kit

question

What is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors called?

answer

Resocialization

question

What term applies to the gap between childhood and adulthood that was first addressed during the Industrial Revolution?

answer

Adolescence

question

What conclusion can be drawn from the case study of Oskar and Jack, the identical twins who were born in 1932 and raised in very different cultures?

answer

Ones orientation to life is largely the result of environment

question

To what sociological perspective is Meads theory of human development most aligned?

answer

Symbolic interactionist

question

Why do sociologists generally object to the Freudian view of personality?

answer

Sociologists reject the view that inborn or subconscious motivations are primary reasons for our behavior

question

Bobs football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Bobs actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Based on Meads theory on development, which concept applies most to the relationship between Bob and his coach?

answer

Bobs coach is one of his significant others

question

April spends more than 40hrs/week in day care because both her parents work full-time. Hope spends about 15 hrs/week in day care because her mother only works part-time. Based upon the studies, what can one expect of the relationship April will have with her mother by the time she starts school?

answer

April will have a weaker bond with her mother than Hope

question

Fred has applied for the position of head football coach at a local middle school, a role he has not fulfilled in the past. Although the Board of Education hasnt announced its decision on who will receive the position, Fred is already developing plays, looking at methods to motivate his players, and ways to get the student body behind the team. Based on this, what condition is Fred experiences?

answer

Anticipatory socialization

question

Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?

answer

A mental hospital

question

Leo, Matthews, Ryan, Liz, Isabelle, and Francis grew up together, attended the same schools, and share many of the same interests. Sociologically, which concept best describe their relationship?

answer

They comprise a peer group

question

According to George Herbert Mead, how does a child learn to take the role of others?

answer

Through play and imitation

question

As children, boys usually receive trucks, sporting equipment, and action toys. Girls receive dolls and gifts that are most passive. Overall, what do sociologists call this sex-based criteria for the gifts children receive?

answer

Gender socialization

question

Agents of Socialization

answer

People or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life

question

Anticipatory Socialization

answer

Because one anticipates a future role, one learns parts of it now

question

Degradation Ceremony

answer

A term coined by Harold Garfinkel to describe an attempt to remake the shelf by stripping away an individuals self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place

question

Feral Children

answer

Children raised apart from human society

question

Gender

answer

The attitudes and behaviors that are expected of us because we are a male or a female

question

Gender Role

answer

The behaviors and attitudes that a group considers proper for males and females; masculinity and femininity

question

Gender Socialization

answer

The ways in which society sets children onto different courses in life because they are male or female

question

Generalized Other

answer

The norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the childs ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self

question

Life Course

answer

The stage in our life as we go from birth to death

question

Looking-Glass Self

answer

A term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our sense of self develops through internalizing others reactions to us

question

Mass Media

answer

Forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, movies, and television that are directed to mass audiences

question

Peer Group

answer

A group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests

question

Resocialization

answer

The process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors

question

Self

answer

The uniquely human capacity of being able to see ourselves "from the outside"; the picture we gain of how others see us

question

Significant Other

answer

An individual who significantly influences someones life

question

Social Inequality

answer

Giving privileges and obligations to one group of people while denying them to another

question

Socialization

answer

The process by which people learn the characteristics of their group (the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and actions thought appropiate for them

question

Take The Role Of Other

answer

Putting oneself in someones shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how that person will act

question

Total Institution

answer

A place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and are almost totally controlled by teh officials who run the palce

question

Piaget and the Development of Reasoning

answer

The sensorimotor stage (birth-age 2; sucking, touching), preoperational stage (age 2-7; ability to use symbols), concrete operational stage (age 7-12; concrete reasoning abilities), formal operational stage (age 12+; capable of abstract thinking)

question

Id

answer

Inborn drives that cause us to seek self-gratification

question

Ego

answer

The balancing force between the id and the demands of society that suppress it

question

Superego

answer

The conscience

question

Transitional Adulthood

answer

A period of extended youth to the life course, also known as adultolescence

question

After studying the use of personal space in several cultures, what conclusion did Edward Hall reach regarding the amount of space people prefer?

answer

The amount of personal space people prefer varies from one culture to another

question

Which three variables does the author recognize as being especially significant in determining ones social class?

answer

Occupational prestige, income, and education

question

Connie is an 82-year-old retired full professor taking undergraduate courses in deviance, criminology, and juvenile delinquency. Which sociological term most applies to Connie being 82 and an undergraduate student?

answer

Status inconsistency

question

A(n) ______ designates social position while a(n) _______ designates socially expected behavior

answer

Status; role

question

Which of the following statements summarizes the Thomas theorem?

answer

If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences

question

What were the basic components of the fourth social revolution?

answer

Information and services

question

Alice if getting ready for an interview with a potential employer. She had picked out a blazer and skirt and has had her hair done at the salon. Alice is relying on her manner and her appearance to communicated to the employer that she would be an excellent employee. What term would Goffman use to describe Alices behavior?

answer

Impression management

question

What do the concepts of judge, professor, mother, student, soldier, and mechanic haev in common?

answer

They are all achieved statuses

question

What is the basis for referring to the society in which members are interdependent upon one another as being in a state of "organic solidarity"?

answer

Members of the society are like organs of the body, each performing different tasks

question

What is the term used to describe a groups language, beliefs, values, behaviors, and gestures?

answer

Culture

question

As societies become more industrialized, how do their social institutions change?

answer

Social institutions become the standard ways that a society meets its basic needs

question

What term describes people who share a culture and territory?

answer

Society

question

As Dr. Crabtree lectures her American Lit class just before lunch, her stomach begins to rumble at a volume that can be heard by most of the students. She ignores it and continues and her students ignore it too. This is an example of which face-saving behavior?

answer

Studied non observance

question

What term describes a position in life that one does not choose, but is awarded at birth or is related to the life course?

answer

Ascribed status

question

In a horticultural society some members engage in art, metal working, carpentry, and occupations other than those related to food production. What term describes this specialization fo work?

answer

Division of labor

question

Of the following, which status least qualifies as a master status?

answer

Licensed driver

question

Achieved Statuses

answer

Positions that are earned or accomplished, or that involve at least some effort or activity on the individuals part

question

Ascribed Statuses

answer

Positions an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life

question

Body Language

answer

The ways people use their bodies to give messages to others

question

Division of Labor

answer

The splitting of a groups or a societys tasks into specialties

question

Ethnomethodology

answer

The study of how people use background assumptions to make sense of life

question

Face-Saving Behavior

answer

Techniques people use to salvage a performance that is going sour

question

Gemeinschaft

answer

A type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness

question

Gesellschaft

answer

A type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest

question

Group

answer

People who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is important; alsoc called a social group

question

Impression Management

answer

Peoples efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them

question

Industrial Revolution

answer

The third social revolution occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power

question

Industrial society

answer

An efficient society with greater surplus and inequality

question

Macrosociology

answer

Analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of social structure, such as social class an the relationships of groups to one another; an approach usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists

question

Master Status

answer

A status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies

question

Mechanical Solidarity

answer

Durkheims term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks

question

Microsociology

answer

Analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; an approach usually used by symbolic interactionists

question

Organic Solidarity

answer

Solidarity based on the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people needing others to fulfill their jobs

question

Postindustrial (or information) Society

answer

A new type of society based on information, services, and the latest technology rather than on raw material and manufacturing

question

Role

answer

The behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status

question

Role Conflict

answer

Conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectation attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role

question

Role Performance

answer

The particular emphasis or interpretation that we give to a role

question

Role Strain

answer

Conflicts that someone feels within a role

question

Social Class

answer

According to Weber, a large number of people who rank close to one another in wealth, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor

question

Social Construction of Reality

answer

The use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real

question

Social Institution

answer

The organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs

question

Social Integration

answer

The degree to which members of a society are united by shared values and other social bonds

question

Social Interaction

answer

What people do when they are in one anothers presence

question

Social Structure

answer

The framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationship of people and groups to one another, which give direction to and set limits on behavior

question

Socialization

answer

The process by which people learn the characteristics of their group, the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and actions thought appropriate for them

question

Society

answer

People who share a culture and a territory

question

Status

answer

Social ranking; the position that someone occupies in society or a social group

question

Status Inconsistency

answer

A contradiction or mismatch between statuses; a condition in which a person ranks high on some dimensions of social class and loow on others

question

Status Set

answer

All the statuses or positions that an individual occupies

question

Status Symbol

answer

Items used to identify a status

question

Teamwork

answer

The collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly

question

Thomas Theorem

answer

William I. and Doroty S. Thomas classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"

question

Horticultural Societies

answer

Based on the cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools

question

Agricultural Societies

answer

Allowed people to engage in more than farming, such as philosophy art, etc.

question

During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy gathered opinions on how to address the problem from selected national leaders. After this group reached a consensus, the President made the final decision for a Naval quarantine of Cuba. This scenario is an example of which type of leadership

answer

Democratic

question

Which best describes "the iron law of oligarchy?"

answer

The domination of organizations by a small, self-perpetuating elite

question

What was the conclusion reached by Stanley Milgram in his "teacher-learner" experiment?

answer

Some people will inflict pain on others if ordered to do so by a person in a position of authority

question

What term refers to the social ties that link people together?

answer

Social network

question

In bureaucracies, what term refers to illogical rules and procedures?

answer

Red tape

question

What occurs when members of a larger group believe that giving help is no more their responsibility than anyone elses?

answer

Diffusion of responsibility

question

What term describes people who share similar characteristics but little else, such as all women attending college, all left-handed people, or all men over seven feet tall?

answer

A category

question

According to Rosabeth Moss Kanter, what is an aspect of "hidden" corporate culture?

answer

Self-fulfilling stereotypes lead managers to promote workers who are like themselves

question

When Judith Kleinfeld replicated Milgrams experiment on small world phenomenon, what did she conclude?

answer

People who dont know one another are dramatically separated by social barriers

question

What is the largest and most complex type of group?

answer

Society

question

Which set of characteristics is most applicable to secondary groups?

answer

Formal, intimate, face-to-face interaction

question

What is the "rationalization of society"?

answer

The process of bureaucracies dominating social life

question

Of the following characteristics, which one least applies to bureaucracies?

answer

Personal attention and individualism

question

Cody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satans Slaves. Cody feels very antagonistic towards the Bloods and the Slaves. For Cody, what type of group do these two rival gangs represent?

answer

Out-Groups

question

What conclusion can be drawn from Solomon Aschs experiment on group conformity?

answer

Group pressure will cause most people to say things they dont believe

question

What classification best describes groups that organize on the basis of some mutual interest, such as the Girl Scouts, Knights of Columbus, and labor unions?

answer

Voluntary Associations

question

What term describes people who share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together?

answer

Aggregate

question

What conclusion did Georg Simmel reach with respect to the size of a group?

answer

As groups grow smaller, they become less stable

question

What does "the McDonaldization" of society refer to?

answer

The predictability and standardization of everyday life

question

Groups

answer

People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another

question

Aggregate

answer

People who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging ogether

question

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