question

Making use of the sociological perspective encourages ________ Answers: challenging many commonly-held beliefs. accepting all commonly-held wisdom. the belief that society is mysterious. people to be happy with their lives as they are.

answer

challenging many commonly held beliefs

question

The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by ________ Answers: Karl Marx. Herbert Spencer. Adam Smith. Auguste Comte.

answer

Auguste Comte

question

A simplified description unfairly applied to every person in the same category is called ________ Answers: a sociological insight. a sociological generalization. a stereotype. an act of discrimination.

answer

stereotype

question

The social-conflict approach draws attention to ________ Answers: how elements contribute to the overall operation of society. how people construct meaning in their interaction. patterns of social inequality. the stable aspects of society.

answer

patterns of social inequality

question

C. Wright Mills claimed that the "sociological imagination" transformed ________ Answers: common sense into laws of society. people into supporters of the status quo. personal problems into public issues. scientific research into common sense.

answer

personal problems into public issues

question

The _____ approaches are macro-level, describing societies in broad, structural terms. Answers: structural-functional and social-conflict structural-functional and symbolic-interaction social-conflict and symbolic-interaction gender-conflict and symbolic-interaction.

answer

structural functional and social conflict

question

Sociologist Lenore Weitzman carried out research showing that women who divorce ________ Answers: typically remarry within one year. claim they are happier than before. suffer a significant loss of income. have a happier sex life.

answer

suffer a significant loss of income

question

Sociology first appeared as a formal discipline in ________ Answers: the United States. Japan. France. China.

answer

France

question

W. E. B. Du Bois described African Americans as having a "double consciousness" because ________ Answers: most African Americans felt that, compared to white people, they had to be twice as careful in how they acted. there is a double disadvantage in being both poor and black. African Americans have to work twice as hard as whites to get the same reward. African Americans are American citizens who have a second identity based on skin color

answer

second identity based on skin color

question

Most of today's sociologists agree with Auguste Comte's claim that ________ Answers: no society has reached the scientific stage of history. human behavior is not patterned and orderly. sociology should be based on religion. science has an important place in sociology.

answer

science has an important place in sociology

question

According to Emile Durkheim, categories of people with a higher suicide rate typically have ________ Answers: more clinical depression. less money, power, and other resources. lower levels of social integration. higher self-esteem.

answer

lower levels of social integration

question

Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of the United States than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be ________ Answers: higher in urban areas. higher in rural areas. high in both urban and rural areas. low in both urban and rural areas.

answer

higher in rural areas

question

Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology's structural-functional approach Answers: Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, W. E. B. Du Bois Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte Harriet Martineau, Robert Merton, W. E. B. Du Bois

answer

Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim

question

Sometimes the distinction between high culture and popular culture is not so clear, as shown by the television show Here Comes Honey Boo-Boo, because ________ Answers: the family in this show was always very rich. reality shows have made families that were low-income nationally-known media stars who are now earning a lot more money. Honey Boo Boo's mother is a previous Miss America pageant winner. reality television never shows people who appear to be of low social position.

answer

reality shows have made families that were low-income nationally-known media stars who are now earning a lot more money

question

Counterculture refers to ________ Answers: people who differ in some small way. popular culture. high culture. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.

answer

cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held

question

A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying ________ Answers: ethnocentrism. cultural relativism. cultural diffusion. cultural integration.

answer

ethnocentrism

question

_____ distinguish between right and wrong; _____ distinguish between right and rude. Answers: Mores; folkways Taboos; mores Folkways; mores Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms

answer

Mores; folkways

question

What is the term for the application of cultural knowledge to the task of living in an environment? Answers: Real culture Ideal culture Cultural transmission Technology

answer

technology

question

Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that________ Answers: relies on culture to ensure survival. has patterned ways of living. has biological instincts. makes use of tools.

answer

relies on culture to ensure survival

question

The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was ________ Answers: Emile Durkheim. William Graham Sumner. Harriett Martineau. George Herbert Mead.

answer

William Graham Sumner

question

The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that ________ Answers: language involves attaching labels to the real world. people see the world through the cultural lens of their language. most words have the same meaning if spoken in different languages. every word exists in all known languages.

answer

people see the world through the cultural lens of their language

question

The concept of _____ refers to a shared way of life, and the term ____ refers to a political entity. Answers: culture; society country; nation nation; culture culture; nation

answer

culture; nation

question

Other than English, which is the most widely-spoken language in the United States? Answers: French Spanish German Chinese

answer

Spanish

question

Which theoretical approach states that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people? Answers: The structural-functional approach The social-conflict approach The symbolic-interaction approach The sociobiology approach

answer

structural-functional approach

question

The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the ________ Answers: structural-functional approach. social-conflict approach. symbolic-interaction approach. sociobiology approach.

answer

social-conflict approach

question

Elements of social control in everyday life include shame, guilt, and ________ Answers: ideal culture. real culture. sanctions. material culture.

answer

sanctions

question

A Marxist analysis of U.S. culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect ________ Answers: the values of the "founding fathers." trends in Western European history. this nation's capitalist economy. this nation's family system.

answer

this nation's capitalist economy

question

The first type of society to generate a material surplus was ________ Answers: hunting and gathering. horticultural and pastoral. agrarian. industrial.

answer

horticultural and pastoral

question

A setting where a staff tries to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment is called a(n) _______ Answers: anticipatory social center cohort community total institution degradation ceremony

answer

total institution

question

According to Piaget, in which stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact? Answers: Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage

answer

Sensorimotor stage

question

Assume you have a business that provides products to older people. Looking ahead, you have reason to expect ________ Answers: increasing sales, because your target population is increasing in size. decreasing sales, because your target population is getting smaller. little change in sales, because your target population will remain stable. that your target population will increasingly be men.

answer

increasing sales, because your target population is increasing in size

question

Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion? Answers: There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike. Hormones greatly affect young people as they mature. Growth always involves change and change is confusing. Parents are no longer providing proper guidance to young people.

answer

there are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adult like

question

If you were to put together the lesson learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would correctly conclude that _______ Answers: social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality. both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development. the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time. the effect of long-term social isolation can never be overcome in any situation.

answer

the effect of long term social isolation can never be overcome in any situation

question

In Mead's model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self? Answers: Imitation, play, game, generalized other Imitation, generalized other, play, game Imitation, game, play, generalized other Imitation, generalized other, game, play

answer

imitation, play, game, generalized other

question

In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that _______ Answers: nature is far more important than nurture. nurture is far more important than nature. nature and nurture have equal importance. neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.

answer

nurture is far more important than nature

question

Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that _______ Answers: childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere. rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies. poor societies extend childhood much longer than do rich societies. biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood.

answer

rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies

question

The concept of "gerontocracy" refers to a society in which ________ Answers: there is a pronounced "youth culture." the richest people have most of the power and prestige. religious leaders have the most power. the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige.

answer

the oldest people have the most wealth, power and prestige

question

Today, the factor people most commonly use in considering a young woman or young man to have reached adulthood is whether or not the person _______ Answers: has completed all schooling. has a full-time job, with the ability to support a family. is married. is married and has children.

answer

has completed all schooling

question

What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture? Answers: Socialization Personality Human nature Behaviorism

answer

socialization

question

Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment? Answers: Behaviorism Biological psychology Evolutionary psychology Naturalism

answer

behaviorism

question

When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that _______ Answers: people are self-centered. people see themselves as they think others see them. people see things only from their own point of view. our actions are a reflection of our values.

answer

people see themselves as they think others see them

question

What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age? Answers: Age subculture Generation Age group Cohort

answer

cohort

question

In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death ________ Answers: is defined similarly in every society. is an orderly transition involving specific stages. is a topic that people in the United States have always been comfortable discussing. is a chaotic transition for most people.

answer

is an orderly transition involving specific stages

question

According to Erving Goffman, we engage in a _____ when we use costumes, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to others. Answers: role performance status self

answer

performance

question

Akbar is an honors student. In sociological terms, being an honors student is an example of ________ Answers: role conflict. master status. ascribed status. achieved status.

answer

achieved status

question

In general, an important foundation of humor is ________ Answers: incongruity-differences in meaning. differences in social standing. gender differences. differences in culture

answer

incongruity-differences in meaning

question

In the United States, people stand farther away from one another when they are talking than two people would in a Middle Eastern nation. This pattern reveals differences in meaning attached to ________ Answers: personal hygiene. personal space. facial gestures. the rights of women compared to men.

answer

personal space

question

Sociologists use which concept to refer to behavior that people expect from someone who holds a particular status? Answers: Role Master status Status set Role set

answer

role

question

Smiling and making polite remarks to people we do not like is an example of ________ Answers: making another feel embarrassment. exercising power over another. idealizing a personal performance. losing face.

answer

idealizing a personal performance

question

What does the concept "presentation of self" mean? Answers: Efforts to create impressions in the minds of others Being very self-conscious Interaction that is highly formal Trying to take attention away from others

answer

efforts to create impressions in the minds of others

question

The power relationship between physicians and patients is immediately evident when the patient enters the doctor's office because ________ Answers: it is up to patients to decide when they will see the doctor. the physician is already there to greet the patient. patients must wait until a "gatekeeper" admits them to see the doctor in the office's "back region." patients generally address physicians by their first names.

answer

patient must wait until "gatekeeper" admits them to see the doctor in the office's "back region"

question

What concept refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life? Answers: Passive role Master status Ascribed status Achieved status

answer

ascribed status

question

Which item in the following list is best thought of as an achieved status? Answers: Occupation Physical or mental disability Gender Race

answer

occupation

question

Which sociologist developed the approach called dramaturgical analysis? Answers: George Herbert Mead Harold Garfinkel Erving Goffman W. I. Thomas

answer

Erving Goffman

question

The English language often treats whatever has greater value, power, or importance as ________ Answers: gender-free. feminine. masculine. humorous.

answer

masculine

question

The reality we construct through social interaction is likely influenced by our ________ Answers: social class background. soft reality. hard reality. spirituality.

answer

social class background

question

At any given time you occupy a number of statuses. These statuses make up your ________ Answers: master status. role set. achieved statuses. status set.

answer

status set

question

A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a _________ Answers: crowd. group. category. population.

answer

crowd

question

A social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions is called a ________ Answers: peer group. reference group. out-group. dyad.

answer

reference group

question

Assume you are one of many people assembled at a university graduation ceremony. The concept that best describes this gathering is a _________ Answers: peer group. category. primary group. secondary group.

answer

secondary group

question

During the last 50 years, Japanese formal organizations have differed from those in the United States by being ________ Answers: less efficient. less profitable. more collective in their orientation. more hierarchical.

answer

more collective in their orientation

question

In general, we see a(n) _______ as a means to an end; we see a(n) _____ as an end in itself. Answers: expressive group; instrumental group crowd; category secondary group; primary group primary group; secondary group

answer

secondary group; primary group

question

Max Weber argued that formal organizations were efficient, but he cautioned that they can have harmful effects on people. As he saw it, what is the danger? Answers: Organizations create social inequality. Organizations create conflict among workers. Organizations create alienation. Organizations create conformity.

answer

organizations create alienation

question

Social networks are typically ________ Answers: built on primary relationships. "fuzzy" groups made up of people we "know of" rather than those we know well. characterized by a strong sense of membership. characterized by boundaries defining membership.

answer

"fuzzy" groups made up of people we "know of" rather than those we know well

question

The concept of "McDonaldization" of society refers to ________ Answers: McDonald's organizational principles moving to dominate all of society. the spread of McDonald's restaurants around the world. society becoming more filled with red tape and inefficiency. the less and less predictable nature of today's society.

answer

McDonald's organizational principles moving to dominate all of society

question

The emergency room clerk who keeps a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of paperwork is a classic example of bureaucratic ________ Answers: ritualism. alienation. innovation. inertia.

answer

ritualism

question

The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves in order to keep going is called bureaucratic ________ Answers: retreatism. ritualism. innovation. inertia.

answer

inertia

question

What is Robert Merton's term for a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of keeping an organization from accomplishing its goals? Answers: Bureaucratic ritualism Bureaucratic alienation Bureaucratic innovation Bureaucratic inertia

answer

bureaucratic ritualism

question

What is the sociological concept coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue resulting from group conformity? Answers: reference group consciousness groupthink in-group tunnel vision

answer

groupthink

question

Which of the following is every society's most important primary group? Answers: The peer group The work group The family The play group

answer

the family

question

Which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens? Answers: Authoritarian leader Democratic leader Laissez-faire leader Expressive leader

answer

democratic leader

question

Elite prostitutes-young, attractive, and well-educated women-are widely referred to as ________ Answers: streetwalkers. brothel workers. call girls or escorts. sex criminals.

answer

call girls or escorts

question

If you often have the feeling of being "trapped in the wrong body," you might be ________ Answers: a hermaphrodite. a homosexual. a transsexual. a bisexual.

answer

a transsexual

question

Based on what you know about the history of human sexuality, once a society gains birth-control technology ________ Answers: social control of sexuality becomes more strict. families, rather than individuals, make choices about sexual partners. social norms regarding sexuality become more permissive. the incest taboo no longer is observed.

answer

social norms regarding sexuality become more permissive

question

If you were teaching a class about the symbolic-interaction approach to sexuality, you likely focus on ________ Answers: understanding men's power over women. raising public concern about sexual harassment. how individuals in various settings engage in different sexual behavior and attach different meanings to sexual activity. understanding why society must regulate with whom and when people reproduce.

answer

how individuals in various settings engage in different sexual behavior and attach different meanings to sexual activity

question

Queer theory is a growing body of knowledge asserting that ________ Answers: sex has always seemed strange to most people. no sexual practice should be considered wrong. people fear discovering their homosexuality. there is a heterosexual bias in U.S. society.

answer

there is a heterosexual basis in U.S. society

question

Sarah feels little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex. Her sexual orientation is called ________ Answers: heterosexuality. bisexuality. homosexuality. asexuality.

answer

asexuality

question

The campus culture of "hooking up" involves sexual relationships between partners who ________ Answers: know little about each other. are dating. desire long-term relationships with each other. are both content with these encounters.

answer

know little about each other

question

The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of ________ Answers: gender norms. primary sex characteristics. secondary sex characteristics. cultural variation.

answer

secondary sex characteristics

question

The importance of Alfred Kinsey's research on sexuality in the United States was ________ Answers: making sexuality a focus of scientific study. showing that people were more conventional than most of society thought. encouraging less openness towards sexuality. that it signaled the end of the sexual revolution.

answer

making sexuality a focus of scientific study

question

The ways in which sexuality is linked to social inequality is highlighted by ________ Answers: the structural-functional approach. the symbolic-interaction approach. the social-conflict approach. the social construction of sexuality.

answer

social-conflict approach

question

Which of the following concepts refers to the biological distinction between males and females? Answers: Sex Primary sex characteristics Gender Gender roles

answer

sex

question

__________ refers to stigmatizing anyone who is not heterosexual as "queer." Answers: Homophobia Heterosexism Heterophilia Homophilia

answer

heterosexism

question

The text suggests that the most widely contested issue involving sexuality in the United States in recent years has been ________ Answers: homosexuality and gay rights. abortion. prostitution. teen pregnancy.

answer

abortion

question

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime ________ Answers: is always more serious. is usually less serious. refers to a violation of norms enacted into law. involves a larger share of the population

answer

refers to a violation of norms enacted into law

question

According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include ________ Answers: negating cultural values and norms. the idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity. the idea that responding to deviance confuses moral boundaries. the idea that deviance looks the same across cultures

answer

idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity

question

A judge orders that an offender be sentenced to prison for a short time, with most of the sentence served on probation. This sentence reflects a policy called ________ Answers: parole. shock probation. rehabilitation. extended lockup.

answer

shock probation

question

According to Robert Merton's strain theory, how would you classify a low-paid, yet compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong? Answers: Innovator Ritualist Retreatist Rebel

answer

retreatist

question

Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton's theory of deviance, stating that crime ________ Answers: reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity. is more common among the rich who have more opportunity. is defined in such a way as to overly criminalize the poor. is typically a result of drug dependence or other substance addiction.

answer

reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity

question

Criminal statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect ________ Answers: all crimes that take place. offenses cleared by arrest. offenses resulting in a criminal conviction. offenses known to the police.

answer

offenses known to the police

question

Feminist theory states that gender figures into the study of deviance because ________ Answers: women account for most of the arrests for serious crimes in the United States. every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males. most researchers in this area are women. women are more likely than men to commit a serious crime.

answer

every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males

question

In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components? Answers: The act and criminal intent A criminal and a victim The act and the social harm The law and the violation

answer

the act and criminal intent

question

Of all the property crimes discussed in the chapter, one crime occurs far more than all the others. Which one is it? Answers: Motor-vehicle theft Larceny-theft Robbery Forcible rape

answer

larceny theft

question

Reducing prison overcrowding, the costs of dealing with offenders, and helping offenders avoid the stigma of incarceration are all advantages of ________ Answers: societal protection. criminal recidivism. the death penalty. community-based corrections.

answer

community-based corrections

question

The concept "retrospective labeling" refers to the process of ________ Answers: interpreting someone's past consistent with present deviance. defining someone as deviant for things done long before. criminal adults encouraging their children to become deviant. predicting someone's future based on past deviant acts.

answer

interpreting someone's past consistent with present deviance

question

The correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes is that ________ Answers: males with certain body types commit the most serious crimes. Lombroso proved a century ago that biological factors are the major cause of crime. biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes. genetics research has succeeded in explaining most criminality.

answer

biological factors ma have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes

question

The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply ________ Answers: during the late teenage years. in the late twenties. during the middle thirties. over age forty.

answer

during the late teenage years

question

Using a Marxist approach, Steven Spitzer claims that prime targets for deviant labeling include ________ Answers: people who try to take the property of others. people who work hard but are poor. perpetrators of white-collar crime. people who have social power.

answer

people who try to take the property of others

question

A caste system is defined as ________ Answers: social stratification based on ascription, or birth. social stratification based on personal achievement. a pure meritocracy. any social system in which categories of people are unequal.

answer

social stratification based on ascription or birth

question

According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves ________ Answers: class conflict. negotiation and compromise leading to stability. the abolition of work itself. a working class revolution.

answer

class conflict

question

Based on income statistics in the chapter, it is correct to say that the richest 20 percent of the population earns more than _____ times as much as the poorest 20 percent. Answers: two twelve fifty one hundred

answer

two

question

In all societies, kinship plays a part in social stratification because ________ Answers: children determine their own social position based on their personal talents and efforts. parents pass their social position on to their children. children usually end up with a social position higher than that of their parents. all children begin life with about the same social standing.

answer

parents pass their social position on to their children

question

In the United States, which age category has the highest poverty rate? Answers: Children under the age of eighteen People in their thirties Middle-aged persons about forty years of age Seniors over sixty five years of age

answer

children under the age of eighteen

question

Marx thought of inequality in terms of two main classes. In contrast, Weber envisioned inequality in terms of ________ Answers: a multi-dimensional socioeconomic ranking. three main classes. everyone gradually sinking into poverty. society as one large middle class.

answer

a multi dimensional socioeconomic ranking

question

Olga works as a district sales manager for a small corporation. This category of work can be described as ________ Answers: blue-collar. white-collar. capitalist. agrarian.

answer

white-collar

question

The concept "feminization of poverty" refers to the fact that, in the United States ________ Answers: more and more women are becoming poor. today's women have fewer legal rights. women make up an increasing percentage of the poor. fewer women now work for income.

answer

women make up an increasing percentage of the poor

question

The concept "meritocracy" refers to social stratification ________ Answers: with no social mobility. in which people "know their place." based entirely on personal merit. as found in the United States.

answer

based entirely on social merit

question

The concept of "intergenerational social mobility" refers to change in social position Answers: over a person's lifetime. when moving from one type of job to another. in a downward direction. when comparing children to their parents.

answer

over a person's lifetime

question

The family of actor Will Smith and actress Jada Pinkett Smith would best be described as ________ Answers: working class. middle class. "old money." lower-upper class.

answer

lower upper class

question

Those most likely to be liberal on social issues (say, by supporting feminism) are ________ Answers: rich, highly-educated people. average, middle-class people. less-educated working-class people. average lower-class people.

answer

rich, highly educated people

question

A social theorist who contributed to the development of dependency theory by tracing the growth of the capitalist world economy is ________ Answers: Max Weber. Emile Durkheim. Walt Rostow. Immanuel Wallerstein

answer

Immanuel Wallerstein

question

According to modernization theory, the greatest barrier to economic development is ________ Answers: technology. multinational corporations. capitalism. traditional culture.

answer

traditional culture

question

Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by ________ Answers: making poor nations responsible for their own fate. supporting capitalism as a path to development. explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries. claiming that economic development is not a desirable goal.

answer

explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries

question

High-income nations ________ Answers: are more densely populated than middle- and low-income nations. make use of factories, big machinery, and advanced technology. contain half of the world's financial markets. are culturally homogenous.

answer

make use of factories, big machinery, and advanced technology

question

If you were to apply modernization theory to the problem of global poverty, you might point that low-income nations ________ Answers: use advanced technology. have low levels of population increase. have cultural resistance to innovation. have high mass consumption.

answer

cultural resistance to innovation

question

In 2015, how many independent nations were there in the world? Answers: 57 194 341 2,190

answer

194

question

Japan, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe are all classified as ________ Answers: low-income countries. middle-income countries. high-income countries. These countries do not fall into any one category.

answer

high income countries

question

Taken together, the sociological approaches to global poverty show us that poverty is ________ Answers: partly an issue of production and partly a political issue. only a political issue. only a production issue. a problem that will resolve itself.

answer

party and issue of production and partly a political issue

question

One criticism of dependency theory is that it ________ Answers: lacks a historical focus. has little to say about the role of rich countries. blames poor countries for their own poverty. treats global wealth as a zero-sum so that one country benefits only at the expense of another.

answer

treats global wealth as a zero-sum so that one country benefits only at the expense of another

question

The concept of "colonialism" refers to the process by which ________ Answers: rich nations share advanced technology with poor countries. some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others. poor nations force an end to control by other nations. immigration helps to spark economic development in rich nations.

answer

some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others

question

The global region in which the greatest reduction in poverty has taken place is ________ Answers: Asia. Africa. Latin America. Antarctica

answer

Asia

question

The poorest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of all global income? Answers: 2 percent 5 percent 10 percent 15 percent

answer

2 percent

question

Wallerstein pointed to several factors that cause dependency among low-income nations. Which of the following is a factor that Wallerstein did NOT claim to be a cause of dependency? Answers: Narrow, export-oriented economies Lack of integration into the world economy Lack of industrial capacity Foreign debt

answer

lack of integration into the world economy

question

While modernization theory focuses on ________, dependency theory focuses on ________. Answers: poor nations; rich nations the future; the past production of wealth; distribution of wealth culture; economics

answer

production of wealth; distribution of wealth

question

According to intersection theory, ___________ is a source of social disadvantage. Answers: only gender only race only class gender, race, and class

answer

gender, race, and class

question

An important exception to male domination of the U.S. workplace is that ________ Answers: women now own more than 8 million entrepreneurial businesses. women hold 80 percent of pink-collar jobs. most college and university faculty are women. a majority of corporate executives are women.

answer

women now own more than 8 million entrepreneurial businesses

question

Engels claimed that men's desire to control their property brought about ________ Answers: educational reform. widespread use of birth control. monogamous marriage. the rise of industry.

answer

the rise of industry

question

Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that ________ Answers: all societies define masculinity in much the same way. all societies define femininity in much the same way. patterns involving gender are rooted in biology. traits that are defined as feminine in one society may be masculine in another.

answer

all societies define felinity in much the same way

question

Opposition to feminism is ________ Answers: expressed by a majority of people in the United States. directed mostly at socialist and radical feminism. just about gone in the United States now. increasing over time

answer

directed mostly at socialist and radical feminism

question

Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages ________ Answers: men to take control of the workplace. growing gender equality. women to have more children. a breakdown of social stability.

answer

growing gender equality

question

Talcott Parsons explained that males tend to exhibit ________ behavior, while females are more ________. Answers: instrumental; expressive expressive; instrumental egalitarian; hierarchical rational; emotional

answer

instrumental; expressive

question

The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to ________ Answers: the barrier that prevents women from reaching the top. the fact that women's dreams are easily broken. the fact that cleaning the home is all most women do. the barrier that keeps women in service work

answer

the barrier that prevents women from reaching the top

question

The point of describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzim is to show that ________ Answers: gender is rooted in biology. women can dominate men. cultures define gender in different ways. boys and girls must be raised by biological parents.

answer

cultures define gender in different ways

question

Which concept refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex? Answers: Primary sex characteristics Sexual orientation Gender roles Secondary sex characteristics

answer

gender roles

question

What is at the heart of the controversy over women's participation in the military? Answers: Women score lower than men on military intelligence (IQ) tests. Women cannot operate high-tech equipment as well as men. Women have only recently joined the U.S. armed forces. Women are seen as nurturers rather than people who kill.

answer

women are seen as nurturers rather than people who kill

question

The category of the U.S. population in which women do most of the housework is ________ Answers: unemployed people. unmarried people. people with no children. employed, married, people who have children.

answer

employed, married, people who have children

question

Which of Weber's types of authority rests on extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion in followers?

answer

Charismatic authority

question

The text describes three technological revolutions that transformed all of social life. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

answer

The Immigration Revolution

question

The social thinker whose ideas provide the greatest support for the operation of a free-market economy was ________

answer

Adam Smith.

question

The concept "state capitalism" refers to a system in which ________

answer

privately-owned companies cooperate closely with the government.

question

The Marxist political-economy model suggests that ________

answer

an anti-democratic bias exists in the capitalist system.

question

Politics is a social institution that is defined in terms of a society's ________

answer

distribution of power, goals, and decision making.

question

Industrialization decreases the importance of which type of authority?

answer

Traditional authority

question

In the United States, about what percentage of the labor force performs tertiary sector work?

answer

85 percent

question

In general, high-income people tend to be ________ on social issues and ________ on economic issues.

answer

liberal; conservative

question

Contrasted with socialist economic systems, capitalist economic systems typically ________

answer

generate more economic inequality.

question

Capitalist societies base their claim to democracy on ________

answer

people having personal liberty.

question

As a social institution, the economy ________

answer

All of these responses are correct.

question

A totalitarian political system ________

answer

concentrates power and closely regulates people's lives.

question

A family that includes parents, children and other kin is called ________ Answers: a nuclear family. an extended family. a family of affinity. a conjugal family.

answer

an extended family

question

A social-exchange analysis of family life is likely to consider ________ Answers: how families keep society as a whole operating. how families perpetuate social inequality. how individuals select partners who offer about as much as they do to the relationship. how families regulate sexual activity.

answer

how individuals select partners who offer about as much as they do to the relationship

question

A system of marriage that unites one woman with two or more men is called ________ Answers: polygyny. polygamy. polyandry. monogamy.

answer

polygamy

question

An analysis of how religion supports the interests of a society's elites would fall under which of the following theoretical approaches? Answers: Structural-functional approach Symbolic-interaction approach Social-conflict approach Social-exchange approach

answer

social conflict approach

question

Based on the text, which of the following categories of people are at greatest risk for divorce? Answers: Young people who marry after a short courtship A couple facing a wanted and expected pregnancy A couple whose parents never experienced divorce All of these responses are correct.

answer

young people who marry after a short courtship

question

Emile Durkheim pointed to three functions of religion for society. Which of the following is NOT one of them? Answers: Establishing social cohesion Fostering social conflict Promoting social control Providing meaning and purpose

answer

providing meaning and purpose

question

Following Max Weber's analysis of religion, we could say industrial capitalism is ________ Answers: disenchanted religion. an example of traditional religion. likely to encourage greater social equality. All of these responses are correct.

answer

disenchanted religion

question

Following structural-functional theory, the family ________ Answers: operates to perpetuate social inequality. is important enough to be called the backbone of society. encourages patriarchy. All of these responses are correct

answer

is important enough to be called the backbone of society

question

In the United States, the Amish would be an example of a ________ Answers: state church. cult. sect. denomination.

answer

sect

question

The U.S. Census Bureau defines the "family" as ________ Answers: people who live together. people who engage in economic cooperation. people living together who are linked by birth, marriage, or adoption. people who consider themselves to be a family.

answer

people living together who are linked by birth, marriage, or adoption

question

The concept "endogamy" refers to marriage between ________ Answers: people of the same sex. people of different social categories. people of the same social category. people related by birth.

answer

people of the same social economy

question

What do the sacred texts of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam have in common? Answers: Support for patriarchy Belief in multiple deities The use of the same sacred symbols Support for secularization

answer

support of patriarchy

question

Today's baby boomers are often called the "sandwich generation" because ________ Answers: of their love of fast food. they do not easily mix family and work responsibilities. their families rarely eat meals together. they spend time caring for both children and aging parents

answer

they spend time caring for both children and aging parents

question

Which of the following concepts refers to the fusion of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character? Answers: Evangelism "New age" spirituality Liberation theology Fundamentalism

answer

liberation theology

question

About how long ago in history did the first cities emerge? Answers: 10,000 years ago 4,000 years ago 2,000 years ago 1,000 years ago

answer

10,000 years ago

question

About when did urban centralization-the industrial metropolis-reach its peak in the United States? Answers: 1900 1925 1950 1975

answer

1950

question

According to Emile Durkheim, while traditional, rural societies were built on________, modern urban societies are held together by ________. Answers: likeness; difference difference; likeness money; morals choice; conformity

answer

likeness; difference

question

If a nation has a sex ratio of 107, as India does, it is very likely that parents there ________ Answers: value sons more than daughters. value daughters more than sons. value children of both sexes equally. place little value on children.

answer

values sons more than daughters

question

If you were to compare Sunbelt cities, such as Houston, to Snowbelt cities, such as Detroit, what differences would you find? Answers: Sunbelt cities are typically smaller in physical size. Sunbelt cities generally have smaller populations. Sunbelt cities generally have larger populations and are larger in physical size. Sunbelt cities lack the sprawl typical of Snowbelt cities.

answer

sunbelt cities generally have larger populations and are larger in physical size

question

In terms of migration within the United States, the region of the country most often left behind is ________ Answers: the heartland or Great Plains, from North Dakota down to Texas. the South. the West Coast, from Washington down to California. the Southeast.

answer

the heartland or Great Plains, from North Dakota down to Texas

question

In low-income countries, increasing the range of opportunities available to women are likely to ________ Answers: stimulate the economy, raising economic output. lower the birth rate. result in more schooling for women. All of these responses are correct.

answer

all the responses are correct

question

Malthus argued that ________ Answers: population would increase in geometric progression. food and other resources would increase in arithmetic progression. people would reproduce to a point beyond what the planet could support. All of these responses are correct.

answer

all of these responses are correct

question

The basic idea behind demographic transition theory is ________ Answers: population patterns reflect a society's level of technological development. population increase will outstrip the planet's ability to support us. population increase is now mostly in high-income nations. All of these responses are correct.

answer

population patterns reflect a society's feel of technological development

question

Throughout most of human history, families had many children because ________ Answers: children were a source of needed labor. birth control was not reliable. high death rates meant that many children did not reach adulthood. All of these responses are correct.

answer

all of these responses are correct

question

Urban decentralization has led to ________ Answers: an expansion of suburbs. the development of vast urban regions. the growth of edge cities. All of these responses are correct.

answer

all of these responses are correct

question

Which of the following accounts for most water use in the world today? Answers: Industry Agriculture Households Water parks, golf courses, and other recreational settings

answer

agriculture

question

Which of the following concepts refers to the optimistic approach to environmental issues that claims science can promote progress and solve environmental problems? Answers: The sustainability thesis The Malthusian thesis The limits to growth The logic of growth

answer

the logic of growth

question

Which of the following is evidence of the shortage of fresh water now found around the world? Answers: China's supply of ground water is declining rapidly. Water supply in the Middle East is at a critical level. Mexico City has pumped so much water from the ground that the city continues to sink about two inches per year. All of these responses are correct.

answer

all of these responses are correct

question

With the Industrial Revolution, how did the physical design of cities change? Answers: Cities took on a new focus on business. Winding streets gave way to broad and straight boulevards. Urban populations became much larger. All of these responses are correct.

answer

all of these responses are correct

question

A number of sociologists contributed to a mass-society theory of modernity. Which of the following sociologists is NOT one of them? Answers: Emile Durkheim Karl Marx Ferdinand Tönnies Max Webe

answer

Karl Marx

question

Alcoholics Anonymous, an organization that seeks to help alcoholics achieve a sober life, is one example of which type of social movement? Answers: Alternative social movements Redemptive social movements Reformative social movements Revolutionary social movements

answer

redemptive social movement

question

Demographic change in the United States over the course of the last century includes a trend towards ________ Answers: smaller household size. a larger share of elderly people. living in cities. All of these responses are correct.

answer

all of these answers are correct

question

Durkheim's concept of organic solidarity is roughly the same as Tönnies's concept of ________ Answers: Gemeinschaft. Gesellschaft. blasé urbanite. specialization.

answer

Gasellchaft

question

Fashion differs from a fad in that fashion ________ Answers: is shorter lived. is less conventional. reflects established cultural values. All of these responses are correct.

answer

reflects established cultural values

question

In what way do "new social movements" differ from those in the past? Answers: They are more likely to be international. They are likely to focus on social rather than economic issues. They are likely to attract support from middle- and upper-middle-class people. All of these responses are correct.

answer

they are likely to focus on social rather than economic issues

question

Karl Marx highlighted which of the following in the process of social change? Answers: Invention Ideas Class conflict Cultural diffusion

answer

ideas

question

Mass-society theory predicts that social movements will involve people who ________ Answers: are socially isolated. have sufficient resources to launch and sustain them. feel they lack enough income, power, or human dignity. mobilize around cultural symbols.

answer

are socially isolated

question

One stage in the life of a social movement is called "coalescence." This stage refers to which of the following? Answers: The emergence of the movement The movement defining itself and "going public" Developing a capable staff to keep the movement operating The decline of the movement

answer

the movement defining itself and "going public"

question

The assumption that the people who participate in the "Occupy Wall Street" demonstration feel that they lack sufficient income and job prospects offers support for which of the following theories explaining social movements? Answers: culture theory new social movements theory mass-society theory deprivation theory

answer

mass society theory

question

The class-society theory of modernity is based on the ideas of which of the following sociologists? Answers: Emile Durkheim Karl Marx Max Weber Ferdinand Tönnies

answer

Karl Marx

question

The enormous oil spill by the tanker Exxon Valdez in 1989 is an example of which of the following types of disasters? Answers: Natural disaster Technological disaster Intentional disaster Unpreventable disaster

answer

technological disaster

question

Following mass-society theory, the key problem of living in a modern society is ________ Answers: finding any personal freedom. dealing with persistent poverty. gaining a sense of power. building a confident personal identity in a quickly changing and morally relativistic world.

answer

building a confident personal identity in a quickly changing and morally relativistic world

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