Sociology Exam III – Flashcards
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gender
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the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male. 1) social organization ranking men and women in terms of power, wealth, etc 2) males: taller, stronger, math. females: higher life expectancy, verbal skills
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gender stratification
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the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women. 1) 59% females work, Pink Collar jobs (secretary and administrative) are 75% women. 2) women earn 77 cents to men's dollar. 3) more women in schools, men in politics.
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matriarchy
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a form of social organization in which females dominate males
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patriarchy
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a form of social organization in which males dominate females
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sexism
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the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other
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gender roles
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attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex. 1) males-ambitious, competitive=leadership and sports 2) females-deferential, emotional=supportive help, quick to show feelings
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minority
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any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
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gerontology
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the study of aging and the elderly. 1) biological changes-health 2) psychological-intelligence
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age stratification
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The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege among people at different stages of the life course. 1) varies across a society's level of technology
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gerontocracy
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a form of social organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power, and prestige
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ageism
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prejudice and discrimination against older people. 1) passing over old people on job applicants 2) firing old people first 3) gray hair, wrinkles are stereotypes of old age-glaze over individuality
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disengagement theory
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the view that society is stabilized by having the elderly retire their positions of responsibility so the younger generation can step into their shoes. 1) makes room for young people 2) structural-functional analysis
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activity theory
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The idea that a high level of activity increases personal satisfaction in old age. 1) people need to find new roles to replace old ones 2) activities are diverse and based on the individual 3) symbolic interaction approach
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euthanasia
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assisting in the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease; also known as mercy killing. 1) refuses treatment, takes steps to end life
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race
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a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important. 1) color, facial features, body shape
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ethnicity
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a shared cultural heritage. 1) ancestry, language, religion 2) socially constructed by cultural traits
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prejudice
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a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people. 1) targets social class, sex, sexual orientation, age, political affiliation, physical disability, race or ethnicity 2) positive and negative 3) students greater acceptance 4) people see less difference between minorities 5) after 9/11, acceptance for arabs and muslims declined
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sterotype
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a simplified description applied to every person in some category. harmful to minorities in workplace
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racism
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the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
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scapegoat
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person or category of people, typically with little power, when people unfairly blame for their own troubles. minorities are targets.
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discrimination
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unequal treatment of various categories of people. 1) matter of action 2) can be positive and negative
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institutional prejudice/discrimination
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Bias built into the operation of society's institutions. Example- bankers reject Af American mortage apps more than whites
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pluralism
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A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing. 1) no one wants to be exactly alike 2) tolerance goes so far 3) various colors/cultures are not equal in US
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assimilation
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the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture. 1) dress, values, religion, language, friends 2) changes in ethnicity, not race
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segregation
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the physical and social separation of categories of people
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education
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the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values.
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schooling
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formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers
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tracking
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assigning students to different types of educational programs
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functional illiteracy
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a lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living. 1) 1/8 children 20% adults 2) below most middle income nations, higher than high income nations
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mainstreaming
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Integrating students with disabilities or special needs into the overall educational program. 1) inclusive education. 2) allowing students to interact with eachother despite differences
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family
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a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children
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kinship
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a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
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marriage
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a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing
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extended family
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a family composed of parents and children as well as other kin; also known as a consanguine family. 1) shared blood
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nuclear family
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a family composed of one or two parents and their children
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endogamy
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marriage between people of the same social category. 1) limits partners to people of same age, race, religion, social class 2) maintaining traditional social hierarchy 3) caste system
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exogamy
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marriage between people of different social categories. 1) links communities and encourages spread of culture 2) interracial
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monogamy
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marriage that unites two partners
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polygamy
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marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
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polygyny
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the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women
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patrilocality
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a residential pattern where a married couple lives with or near the husband's family
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matrilocality
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A residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the wife's family
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patrilineal descent
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a system tracing kinship through men. 1) children related to fathers. 2) more common, men produce valued resources
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matrilineal descent
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a system tracing kinship through women. 1) moms pass property to daughters. 2) horticulture societies, women=food producers
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incest taboo
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a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives.
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homogamy
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marriage between people with the same social characteristics
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family violence
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emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another. 1) 73% domestic violence against women 2) 58% women, 42% men of abuse towards children
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cohabitation
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the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple. 1) increasing 2) 50% people between 25-44 3) appealing to independent people and favor gender equality 4) half marry, half split up after a few years
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polyandry
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a form of marriage in which women have more than one husband
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family of affinity
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people who think of themselves as family. 1) boyfriends/girlfriends, close family friends
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family unit
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social group of 2 or more people, related by blood, marriage, or adoption, who usually live together
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feminism
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support of social equality for women and men 1) increase equality 2) expand human choice 3) eliminate gender stratification 4) end sexual violence 5) promote sexual freedom
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hidden curriculum
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subtle presentations of cultural or political ideas in the classroom about race, gender, and class
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glass ceiling
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barrier that stops womens involvement in middle management
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liberal feminsim
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freedom of individual. support reproductive rights of women. work alone and on their own to solve problem
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radical feminism
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society must eliminate gender. no revolution would solve problem.
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socialist feminism
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eliminate domestic slavery. equality based on power, prestige, wealth. need a revolution to solve problem.
