Sociology Exam 2 (Chapters 3 & 4) – Flashcards
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Which of the following statements is most correct? a. Nature is the foundation of socialization. b. You cannot fool or change biology. c. Nature has nothing whatever to do with human socialization. d. As human beings, our nature is to nurture.
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d. As human beings, our nature is to nurture. > For human beings, nurturing is natural because we cannot survive with without it.
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What can we learn from Harlows' rhesus monkey studies? a. Long-term social isolation early in life can cause irreversible damage. b. Long-term and short-term social isolation have similar effects. c. Emotional damage due to long-term social isolation can be healed with subsequent nurturing. d. All emotional damage due to social isolation goes away on its own with time.
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a. Long-term social isolation early in life can cause irreversible damage. > After many months of social isolation, emotional damage may be permanent.
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What did Gilligan think was the biggest flaw in Kohlberg's development theory? a. It focused only on male objects. b. It recognized only three developmental stages. c. It focused only on people living in industrial nations. d. It focused only on white children.
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a. It focused only on male objects. > Gilligan considered gender to be a key variable in understanding human development.
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What part does Mead say role playing has in the development of the self? a. It does not play any part in the development of the self. b. It shows us how people see society. c. It helps us learn to see ourselves as others see us. d. It defines rules and norms.
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c. It helps us learn to see ourselves as others see us. > We learn about ourselves as we look through the eyes of others.
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According to Erik Erikson, after stealing a snack, a child in the preschool stage is now capable of _________. a. Feeling guilty about stealing based on not living up to what others expect b. Happily enjoying the cookie simply because it tastes good c. Blaming the act on someone else d. Sharing it with a friend
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a. Feeling guilty about stealing based on not living up to what others expect > The preschool stage is the challenge of initiative versus guilt as falling to live up to the expectations of others.
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What term did Freud use to refer to a person's conscious efforts to balance pleasure seeking with the demands of society? a. Unconscious b. Id c. Ego d. Superego
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c. Ego > Ego is the effort to balance the id and the superego.
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In the United States, about what share of households have at least one television? a. 97 percent b. 77 percent c. 57 percent d. 37 percent
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a. 97 percent > Television ownership is almost universal in the United States.
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Why might a teenager looking to join a new social group start listening to a new type of music? a. She is engaging in anticipatory socialization. b. She is part of a cohort. c. She is experiencing generational separation. d. She is beginning to develop antisocial behavior.
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a. She is engaging in anticipatory socialization. > Such learning helps a person achieve a desired position, including social experience.
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Philippe Aries claimed that the idea of childhood extending until about the early teens is actually ________. a. Unknown in the world ever b. Unknown in the world today c. Fairly recent in human history d. Found in every known society
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c. Fairly recent in human history > Aries found that childhood emerged only in recent centuries.
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Which of the following is a distinctive contribution of school to the socialization process? a. School develops a freedom from rules that lasts through adulthood. b. School allows for the formation of peer groups with people of similar social standing. c. School helps reverse gender roles. d. School allows students to interact with people of different social backgrounds.
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d. School allows students to interact with people of different social backgrounds. > Schooling enlarges children's social world beyond the family.
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What is the main cause of the pattern we describe as the turbulence of teenage years in the United States? a. Lack of supervision of teens b. Cultural inconsistencies in how our society defines this stage of life. c. Hormones d. Peer pressure from other teens
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b. Cultural inconsistencies in how our society defines this stage of life. > Adolescence involves inconsistencies based on being neither a dependent child nor an independent adult.
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What effect will the increasing older population have on U.S. society? a. Most people will never wish to retire. b. There will be a depressed demand for social services, since modern people are healthier. c. The younger generations will be likely to interact more with the elderly. d. The elderly will not be as evident in everyday life.
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c. The younger generations will be likely to interact more with the elderly. > The elderly are increasing in numbers and already outnumber teenagers.
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What is the first step of socialization in a total institution such as prison? a. Becoming institutionalized b. Drug rehabilitation c. A system of rewards and punishments d. The "stripping" of removal of an inmate's existing identity.
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d. The "stripping" of removal of an inmate's existing identity. > This process replaces a distinctive personal appearance with a uniform appearance.
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According to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, the complete adjustment to one's approaching death involves which of the following? a. Negotiation b. Anger c. Acceptance d. Denial
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c. Acceptance > This is the fifth stage in the process of accepting death.
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Which stage of life discussed in the text spans the year from about forty to sixty-five when people come to realize that their life circumstances are pretty well set? a. Old age b. Early adulthood c. Adolescence d. Middle adulthood
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d. Middle adulthood > During middle adulthood people also gain greater awareness of the fragility of health.
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Which of the following statuses is an example of an achieved status? a. Daughter b. Cuban c. Widow d. Honor roll student
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d. Honor roll student > This status is taken voluntarily and reflects ability and effort.
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Achieved status is typically based on ________. a. Kinship b. Race c. Personal effort d. Gender
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c. Personal effort > Achieved status typically results from intentional effort.
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A(n) __________ status, which can be a matter of race, extreme poverty or wealth, physical disability, often shapes a person's entire life in terms of identity. a. Master b. Strained c. Achieved d. Ascribed
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a. Master > A master status can shape a person's entire social identity.
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Which of the following is not likely to operate as a master status? a. Being the only Asian student in an elementary school classroom. b. Being the only girl on a Little League team. c. Being pretty average in relation to others around you. d. Being poor on a campus in which almost all students are well off financially.
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c. Being pretty average in relation to others around you. > A master status is typically a matter of being different from others in some way they consider to be important.
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Which of the following people is the most likely to experience role conflict? a. A college professor who wants to take a sabbatical to Italy b. A teenage mother who is still attending high school c. A lawyer who wants to practice tort law d. A business manager who is dating her employee
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b. A teenage mother who is still attending high school > The roles of mother and student complete for time and energy.
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The behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status is called _________. a. Role conflict b. A role c. Master status d. Status set
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b. A role > Role is the dynamic expression of a status.
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Tim is interested in ethnomethodology and decides to investigate people's understanding of their social reality. He visits a local bookstore, buys a few paperbacks, and heads to the checkout line. When the clerk asks if he found everything he was looking for, Tim replies in all seriousness that his watch has been missing for several days, and he thinks that he left it in a friend's car. He asks the clerk to help him find the watch. He then observes the clerk's response. How is the clerk likely to react to Tim's behavior? a. With confusion and perhaps some irritation b. With humor and friendliness c. With sadness and concern d. With anger and aggression
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a. With confusion and perhaps some irritation > When people do not behave according to conventional social structure, others typically become confused and sometimes irritated.
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The text explains that increasing use of social media in the United States has resulted in which of the following transformations? a. Technology connects people in new ways and over distances but sometimes weakens ties among those who share physical space. b. People are less curious about the world. c. People no longer have as many friends. d. Technology isolates people from everyone else by focusing attention on programming rather than relationships.
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a. Technology connects people in new ways and over distances but sometimes weakens ties among those who share physical space. > People in the same room may pay less attention to one another than they do to their phones.
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Piri Thomas's clever and courageous effort to gain social acceptance by fighting gang leader Waneko demonstrates the validity of the Thomas Theorem because ____________. a. He could not believe in himself b. He was unable to shape social reality c. He acted in a worthy way and so he became worthy in the eyes of the other boys d. He ended up in jail
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c. He acted in a worthy way and so he became worthy in the eyes of the other boys > Situations defined as real become real in their consequences.
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Erving Goffman's concept of dramaturgical analysis involves studying ________ in terms of theatrical performance. a. Social status b. Culture c. Social interaction d. Social inequality
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c. Social interaction > Dramaturgical analysis is a way to understand everyday life.
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Tact is common in society because _____________. a. It reduces embarrassment, which is a source of discomfort for everyone b. Behavior is completely spontaneous c. Parents pass it along to their children d. It is a universal emotion
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a. It reduces embarrassment, which is a source of discomfort for everyone > Tact is a strategy to avoid situational reality "breaking down."
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The text explores the roots of emotions and concludes that emotions have both a ________ and a ________ basis. a. Random; social b. Familial; biological c. Spiritual; social d. Biological; cultural
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d. Biological; cultural > Six basic emotions are found among all members of the human species, but how, when, and where they are expressed varies by culture.
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When people's partners and friends define situations in specific ways and encourage them to experience specific feelings, they are providing people in these situations with what sociologists call __________. a. Role tension b. Role strain c. Emotional triggers d. Emotional scripts
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d. Emotional scripts > These refer to norms that suggest how we should feel about our situation
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Which statement about gender and people's "performances" in social situations is correct? a. Men have to be more careful about their behavior because women have more power than they do. b. Men smile more than women in social situations. c. Men typically make use of more space than women when they act in a situation. d. Women touch men in social situation more than men touch women.
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c. Men typically make use of more space than women when they act in a situation. > The masculine standard of "turf" contrasts to the feminine pattern of "daintiness."
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Which of the following statements about deception in social situations is correct? a. Humans can easily detect deception on the part of another person. b. Deception is always discovered in the end. c. Pulling off a "perfect performance" is easy for most people. d. Detecting deception involves carefully tracking all elements of a performance and looking for inconsistencies.
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d. Detecting deception involves carefully tracking all elements of a performance and looking for inconsistencies. > Performances typically involve many elements, which creates possibilities for inconsistency especially when people are under emotional pressure.
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According to Piaget, in which stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact? a. Sensorimotor stage b. Preoperational stage c. Concrete operational stage d. Formal operational stage
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a. Sensorimotor stage
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Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing that _______ a. girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards. b. girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are. c. boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are. d. the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the teenage years.
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a. girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards.
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Mead claimed that the origin of the self is found in _______ a. biological drives. b. genetics. c. social experience. d. the functioning of the brain.
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c. social experience.
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According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as _______ a. role models. b. looking-glass models. c. significant others. d. the generalized other.
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c. significant others.
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The concept of "gerontocracy" refers to a society in which ________ a. there is a pronounced "youth culture." b. the richest people have most of the power and prestige. c. religious leaders have the most power. d. the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige.
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d. the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige.
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In a total institution, staff members _______ a. closely supervise all the daily life of inmates. b. encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates. c. allow inmates to choose their own food, clothing, and activities. d. institute informal rules to direct people's daily routines.
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a. closely supervise all the daily life of inmates.
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What is the concept that refers to the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses? a. Role conflict b. Role strain c. Role set d. Role exit
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a. Role conflict
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Which concept refers to the tension among roles connected to a single status? a. Role conflict b. Role strain c. Role ambiguity d. Role exit
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b. Role strain
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According to Erving Goffman, people usually make efforts to _____ their intentions. a. idealize b. reveal c. hide d. contradict
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a. idealize
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Which phrase was used by Erving Goffman to refer to being embarrassed in a social situation? a. "Breaking" a role b. "Idealizing" a performance c. "Exiting" a role d. "Losing face"
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d. "Losing face"
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The idea of "getting" a joke, according to the text, depends on ________ a. knowing the joke teller well. b. having a different social background than the joke teller. c. understanding the two realities involved and appreciating their difference. d. understanding exactly why someone is telling a joke.
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c. understanding the two realities involved and appreciating their difference.
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From a social-conflict point of view, jokes ________ a. tend to bring people together. b. can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another. c. are a good way of reducing conflict in society. d. are often used to relieve tension -"lightening" a situation.
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b. can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another.
