Sociology Chapters 7-9 – Flashcards
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Functionalism Related to Gender
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There is a need for this gender inequality because both men and women have their own specific roles in society
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Intersectionality
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The idea of using class, gender, and race to compare and determine the oppressive nature of society
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Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage
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The idea that the experiences one has with inequality or equality early in life affects later life
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Types of Equality
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Equality of outcome, equality of opportunity, ontological equality, equality of condition
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Equality of Outcome
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A position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the "game."
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Equality of Opportunity
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The idea that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as the rules of the game, so to speak, remain fair.
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Ontological Equality
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The notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God
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Equality of Condition
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The idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
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Meritocracy
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A society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement.
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Social Hierarchy System
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Upper, Middle, Lower class
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Income Inequality
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Wages, wage gap, gender wage gap
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Major Systems of Stratification
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Estate system, Caste system, Class system, Status Hierarchy System, Elite-Mass Dichotomy System
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Marx's Class Theory
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Bourgeoisie (Capitalist Class) and Proletariat (Working Class)
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Weber's Three Dimensions of Class
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Wealth, Prestige, Power
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Wright's Concept of Contradictory Class Locations
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The idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure which fall between the two "pure" classes
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Gini Coefficient
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Measuring income equality
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Power
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In marketing, the ability of one member of a marketing channel to influence the trading behavior of another
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Wealth
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A family's or individual's net worth (that is, total assets minus total debt)
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Prestige
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High standing; respect earned by accomplishments.
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Income
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Money received by a person for work or from returns on investments
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Vertical Mobility
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The rise or fall of an individual or group from one social stratum to another.
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Horizontal Mobility
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A group or individual transitioning from one social status to another situated more or less on the same rung of the ladder.
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Mills vs. Pareto
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Economic or political economy
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Socioeconomic Status
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An individual's position in a stratified social order
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Sex
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The biological difference that distinguish male from female
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Gender
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Denotes a social position, the set of social arrangements, tat are built around sex categories
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Feminism
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An intellectual, consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. The underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect
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Gender Inequality in School
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boys have more "important" jobs, get called on more often, expected to do better in math & science, etc; while girls are more "passive", bullied more, expected to do better in the arts
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Gender Inequality in the Workplace
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Glass ceiling, glass escalator
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Gender Inequality in Media Representation
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Women are portrayed as sexualized figures and not acknowledged for their other achievements
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Gender Wage Gap
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The significant and remarkably consistent gap between the earnings of men and women. The gap between white men and women of color is larger than the gap between white men and white women. 77 cents to every dollar.
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Gender Inequality in Politics
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Women are underrepresented in government, especially in the United States; glass ceiling, glass escalator; women in governmental positions are recognized in the media only by their looks and not their viewpoints
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Race
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A group of people who share a set of characteristics-typically, but not always, physical ones-and are said to share a common bloodline
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Racism
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The belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits
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Prejudice
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Thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group, negative connotation
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Stereotyping
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Can influence prejudice, general ideas against a group of people, attitude you have about a group of people, preconceived, could be positive or negative
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Discimination
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Harmful or negative acts (not mere thoughts) against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category without regard to their individual merit.
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Ethnicity
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One's ethnic quality or affiliation. It is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchal, fluid, and multiple, and based on cultural differences, not physical ones per se.
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Symbolic Ethnicity
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A nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but identifying with a past or future nationality. For later generations of white ethnics, something not constraining but easily expressed, with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual.
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Assimilation
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Adopt, absorb, take on the beliefs of the dominant society; melting pot
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Pluralism
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The presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society; salad bowl
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Eugenics
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Literally meaning "well born," the theory of controlling the fertility of populations to influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation
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Social Darwinism
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The application of Darwinian ideas to society, namely, the evolutionary "survival of the fittest"
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One Drop Rule
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The belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenation
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Types of Discrimination
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Institutional (government or workplace) and individual (singular person)
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Robert Merton's Typology
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Active Bigot, Timid Bigot, Fair Weather Liberal, All Weather Liberal
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Responses to Oppression
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Withdrawal, Passing, Acceptance, Resistance
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Race Matters
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Wealth Inequality, Crime/Deviance Inequality, Health Inequality
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Estate System
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Politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility
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Caste System
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Religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility.
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Class System
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Economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility
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Status Hierarchy System
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A system of stratification based on social prestige.
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Elite-Mass Dichotomy System
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System of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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Separate but equal
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Active Bigot
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Holds prejudice and discriminates
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Timid Bigot
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Holds prejudice, doesn't discriminate
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Fair Weather Liberal
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A person who is not prejudice but doesn't discriminate
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All Weather Liberal
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Not prejudice and no discrimination
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Withdrawal
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Oppressed removes themselves from the situation
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Passing
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Blending in with the dominant group
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Acceptance
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Accepting oppression but hides resentment, not acting on it
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Resistance
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Resists to the oppression
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Wealth Inequality
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Wealth gap between whites and blacks, historical roots, whites have had more time to accumulate wealth
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Crime/Deviance Inequality
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Harsher punishments for nonwhites, more nonwhites are put in jail than whites, crack/cocaine versus powder concaine
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Health Inequality
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The idea that nonwhites have less access to affordable healthcare, and less coverage than whites, less preventative care and more deaths due to diseases such as cardiovascular disease
