Sociology Chapters 1-4
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Globalization
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the extensive interconnections among nations
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Degradation Ceremonies (Theorist?)
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ritual whose goals is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's self identity and stamping a new identity in its place. Garfinkel
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Organic Solidarity (Theorist?)
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independence that results from the division of labor; as part of the same unit, we all depend on others to fulfill their jobs. Durkheim
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Norms (Theorist?)
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expectations of right behavior. William Sumner
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Looking Glass (Theorist?)
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refers to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us. C.H.Cooley
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Role [Conflict + Strain]
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Role Conflict: conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectations are at odds w/one another Role Strain: conflicts that someone feels within a role
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Unobtrusive Measures
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ways of observing people so they do not know that they are being studied
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Social Structure
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relatively permanent aspect of society, holds society together
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Stereotypes
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assumptions of what people are like, whether positive or negative - always false
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Master Status
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a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies
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Resocialization
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the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
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Thomas's Theorem (Theorists?)
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formulation of the definition of the situation. William + Dorothy S. Thomas
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Control Group
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the group of subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable
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Close Ended Question
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questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent
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Ethnomethodology
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the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life
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Cultural Diffusion
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the spread of cultural traits from one group to another
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Ethnocentrism
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the use of ones own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies
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Culture Relativism
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not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms
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Culture Shock
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being overwhelmed by a new or different culture
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Applied vs. Pure Sociology
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Pure: research that has no goal beyond understanding social life and testing theories Applied: the use of sociology to solve problems (micro level)
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Counter Culture
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a group whose values, beliefs, norms place its members in opposition to the broader culture
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Mores
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norms that are strictly enforced, essential to core values
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Folkways
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norms that are not strictly enforced
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Face Saving Behaviors
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techniques used to salvage a performance (interaction) that is going sour
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Sapir Worf Hypothesis
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theory that states that people think in the language they speak
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Agents of Socialization
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people or groups that affect our self concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life
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Social Institution
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abstraction (not a place) emerges to meet the needs of society
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Social Construction of Reality
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the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real
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Class Conflict (Theorist?)
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term for the struggle between capitalists and workers. Marx
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Social Location
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the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society
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Total Institution
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a place that is almost totally controlled by those who run it, in which people are cut off from the rest of society
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Operational Definition
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the way in which a researcher measures a variable
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Status (Achieved vs. Ascribed)
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Achieved: positions that are earned, accomplished, or involved at least some effort Ascribed: a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life
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Sanctions
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either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them
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Background Assumptions
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a deeply embedded, common understanding of how the world operates and how people ought to act
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Reliability
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the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results
