Sociology Chapter 4- Social Structure – Flashcards
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social structure
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network of interrelated statuses and roles
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status
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socially defined position in a group or society
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role
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behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status
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ascribed status
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status given that has not been earned
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achieved status
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status that is acquired by the individual on the basis some special skill, knowledge, or ability
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master status
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can be achieved or ascribed, tends to define who you are
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reciprocal roles
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a role that is based on another
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role expectation
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determined by society as behavior fitting a role
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role performance
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role behavior doesn't match expectations
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role set
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every status has more than one role, which is a role set
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role conflict
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MULTIPLE, one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another
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role strain
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SINGULAR, occurs when people have a difficult time meeting the role expectations of a single status
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social institution
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system of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to meet one or more of the basic needs of society
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group
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functions are to define boundaries, select leaders, assign tasks, control members' behavior, make decisions, and set goals
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aggregate
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group of people gathered together in the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interactions
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social category
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group of people who share a common trait or status
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dyad
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group with 2 members
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triad
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group with 3 members
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small group
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group with few enough members that everyone is able to interact on a face-to-face basis
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primary group
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interact over a long period of time on a direct, personal basis, intimate and face-to-face
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secondary group
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interaction is impersonal and temporary, casual and limited to personal involvement
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reference group
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any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they often adopt
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in group
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group an individual belongs to and identifies with
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out group
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any group that an individual does not belong to or identify with
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social network
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web relationship that is formed by the sum total of an individual's interaction with other people
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subsistence strategy
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the way in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members
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division of labor
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specialization by the individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities
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preindustrial society
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can be subdivided into hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, or agriculutral
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industrial society
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the mechanized production of goods is the main economic activity
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postindustrial society
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economic activity centers on the production of information and the provision of service
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exchange
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individuals, groups, or societies interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions
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competition
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2 or more persons or groups that oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain
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conflict
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deliberate attempt to control by force, oppose, harm, or resist the will of another person or persons
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cooperation
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when 2 or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people
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accommodation
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state of balance between cooperation and conflict
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formal organization
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large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals
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bureaucracy
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ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures
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rationalization
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process of subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculations, measurement, and control
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voluntary organization
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nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest
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oligarchy
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tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people
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major social institutions (7)
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1. religion 2. family 3. education 4. politics 5. economy 6. media 7. business
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requirements of a group (4)
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1. at least 2 people 2. there must be interaction 3. shared expectations 4. common identity
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ways that groups differ (3)
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1. length of time they remain together 2. organizational structure 3. size
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forms of accommodation (4)
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1. compromise 2. truce 3. mediation 4. arbitration
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characteristics of Weber's Model of Bureaucracies (5)
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1. division of labor 2. ranking of authority 3. employment based on formal qualification 4. rules and regulation 5. specific lines of promotion and advancement
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criticisms of bureaucracies (5)
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1. self continuation 2. the peter principle 3. red tape 4. iron law of oligarchy 5. parkinson's law
