Sociology Chapter 16 – Flashcards
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Urbanization
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movement involving the concentration of the population in cities.
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Ernest W. Burgess
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developed the concentric zones model of urban structure.
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birthrate
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calculated by dividing the number of live births in a particular year by the total population for that year and multiplying by 1,000.
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urban ecology
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approach that examines the relationship between people and the urban environment.
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growth rate
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calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birthrate and converting to a percentage.
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population
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number of people living in an area.
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urban anomie theory
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holds that the city is an anonymous and unfriendly place that carries serious negative consequences for those who live there.
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mortality
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number of deaths in a society.
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fertility
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actual number of births occurring to women of childbearing age.
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Homer Hoyt
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developed the sector model of urban structure.
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subculture theory
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holds that the size and diversity of the city encourage formation of primary group relationships among people with similar interests.
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fecundity
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biological capability to bear children.
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demography
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area of sociology devoted to the study of human populations.
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urban sprawl
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poorly planned development on the edge of cities and towns.
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infant mortality rate
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used as a general measure of the overall health and quality of life in a society.
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concentric zone
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city spreads outward from center resulting in zones.
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sector
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city grows in wedge shaped sectors outward from the center to the edges of the city.
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multiple nuclei
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city develops around several centers of activity or "nuclei" devoted to specialized land use.
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anomie
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city is anonymous, unfriendly, and carries negative consequences for residents.
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compositional
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greater diversity of city residents leads to greater variety of lifestyles.
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subculture
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people can find others with similar interests in diverse cities; some people form close ties.
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preindustrial agricultural societies
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high birth rates, high death rates which results in a stable population with little growth and little decline.
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industrial phase
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high birth rates and rapid growth which results in improved medical techniques, sanitation, and increased food production.
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developed industrial economy
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effective birth control methods cause decrease in birth rates and low death rates which results in a stable population and a slow growth with advancing technology.
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malthusian theory
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population tends to increase faster, at a geometrical ratio, than the means of subsistence, which increases at an arithmetical ratio, and that this will result in an inadequate supply of the goods supporting life unless war, famine, or disease reduces the population or the increase of population is checked.
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migration rate
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the annual difference between in-migration and out-migration.
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migration
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the movement of people from one specified area to another.
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over-urbanization
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a situation in which more people are living in a city than can be supported in terms of jobs and facilities.
