Sociology Chapter 15 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Define disaster
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An event that is generally unexpected and causes extensive harm to people and damage to property
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Types of disasters
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Natural disasters, technological disasters, intentional disasters
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Define modernity
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Social patterns resulting from industrialization
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Define modernization
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The process of social change begun by industrialization
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Define division of labor
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Specialized economic activity
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Define mechanical solidarity
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Durkheim's term for the unity that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks
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Define organic solidarity
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Durkheim's term for solidarity based on the interdependence that results from the division of labor
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Define anomie
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Durkheim's terms for a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals which lead to a morally weak individual and decision making
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Define postmodernity
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Social patterns characteristic of postindustrial societies
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Define demography
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Study of the human population
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Define fertility
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Incidence of child bearing in a country's population
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Define crude birth
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The number of live births in a given year for every 1000 people in a population
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Define mortality
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Incidence of death in country's population
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Define crude death rate
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Number of death in given year for every 1000 people in a population
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Define infant mortality rate
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Number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1000 live births in a given year
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Define life expectancy
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Average life span of a country's population
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Define migration
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Movement of people into and out of a specified territory
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Define immigration
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Movement into an area
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Define emigration
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Movement out of an area
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Define sex ratio
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Number of males for every 1000 females in a population
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Define age-sex pyramid
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Graphic representation of the age and sex of a population
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Define Malthusian theory
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Assertion that rapid population increase leads to social chaos
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Demographic transition theory
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Population patterns reflect a society's level of technological development
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Define zero population growth
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Level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady rate
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Define urbanization
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Concentration of humanity into cities
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What triggered the second urban revolution?
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The industrial revolution
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Where did the first urban revolution happen?
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Began in Jericho
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Define metropolis
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A large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area
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Define suburbs
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Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city
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Define megalopolis
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Vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs
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Define ecology
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Study of the interaction of living organism and the natural environment
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Define natural environment
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Earth's surface and atmosphere
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Define ecosystem
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A system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment
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Define environmental deficit
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Profound and long term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short term material affluence
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Define rain forests
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Regions of dense forestation, most of which circles the globe close to the equator
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Define urban ecology
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The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities
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Define global warming
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A rise in the earth's average temperature due to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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Define environmental racism
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Pattern by which environmental hazards are greater for poor people
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Define ecologically sustainable culture
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Way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environment for future generations
