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Education

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the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values.

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schooling

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formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers from a Greek root word meaning "leisure" In poor nations, 1/4 of children never get there worldwide, 1/3 of children never get as far as the secondary grades 1/6 of the world people cannot read or write

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India

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earns about 7% of the U.S. average income. Children work up to 60 hours a week. 92% of children complete primary school, usually in a class of 40 students. 60% go to secondary school, but very few enter college. 34% are unable to read or write 56% of girls and 64% of boys reach secondary grades

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Japan

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More people graduate high school 95%, but tests allow for only 49% to go on to college. 1/2 attend special cram schools to prepare for entrance exams. students place fourth in the world in mathematics

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United States

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typical class size is 30 students. About 87% graduate from high school, and 70% enter college. Ranks 26 in the world in mathematics. only Norway has a higher share of adults who have earned a university degree. most people who attend college come from families with above average incomes stresses the value of practical learning among the first countries to set a goal of mass education

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Dewey

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coined the tern progressive education, having the schools make learning relevant to people's lives

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structural functional theory

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focuses on the ways in which schooling supports the operation and stability of society: 1. socialization-primary schooling, basic language and mathematical skills. secondary schooling- cultural values and norms 2. cultural innovation- educational systems create as well as transmit culture 3. social integration- brings a diverse nation together 4. social placement- the enhancement of meritocracy 5. latent functions

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symbolic interaction theory

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self fulfilling prophecy, the Thomas theorum, the Elliot experiment

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Elliot

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told the children in her fourth grade class that brown eyed children were smarter than blue eyed children

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social conflict theory

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emphasizes three ways in which schooling causes and perpetuates social inequality: 1. social control 2. standardized testing 3. tracking

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Bowles and Gintis

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saw the demand for public education in the late 19th century as based on capitalist factory owners need for an obedient and disciplined workforce.

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tracking

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assigning students to different types of educational programs

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parochial schools

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operated by the Roman Catholic Church. 7100 in the United States. many enroll non Catholics

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Christian Academies

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favored by parents who want religious instruction for their children, as well as parents who want higher academic and disciplinary standards.

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prep schools

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6900 non religious private prestigious schools

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public schools

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89% of 62.4 million children attend

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cultural capital

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students whose parents value schooling, read to their children, and encourage the development of imagination, perform better.

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higher education

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70% of high school graduates in the U.S. enroll right after graduation. 18-24 year olds, 41% are enrolled in college. 6.6 million families have at least one child enrolled in college. 44% have income of 75,000 anually., 46% have income of at least 20,000, and only 10% have income of less than 20,000.

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community college

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enrolls 41.3% of all undergraduates. 1. Low cost places college degrees within reach 2. have special importance for minorities 3. Some attract students from around the world. 4. the most important job for faculty is teaching 5. teach the knowledge and career skills necessary for jobs

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credential society

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one that evaluates people on the basis of their schooling

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Sizer

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Identified five ways in which large, bureaucratic schools undermine education: 1. rigid uniformity 2. numerical ratings 3. rigid expectations 4. specialization 5. little individual responsibility

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passivity

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four teaching strategies: 1. calling on students by name when they volunteer 2. positively reinforcing student participation 3. asking analytical rather than factual questions and giving students time to answer 4. asking for students opinions even when no one volunteers a response

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dropping out

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8.1% of people between the ages of 16 and 24 are high school dropouts. 3.2 million people. least common among whites, most common among Hispanics.those in the bottom 25% have dropout rates 6 times higher than high income families. dropping out has declined, but is probably at least 2X the government numbers

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functional illiteracy

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a lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living a problem for 1 in three children

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grade inflation

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the awarding of ever higher grades for average work

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medicine

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the social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health

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health

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a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being

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health and society

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society affects people's health in four major ways: 1. cultural patters define health 2. cultural standards of health change over time 3. a society's technology affects people's health 4. social inequality affects people's health

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low income countries

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life expectancy of 55 years. 1 in 10 newborns dies within a year and 1 in 4 people dies before reaching the age of 20. 1 in 6 people suffer from serious illness due to poverty

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social epidemiology

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the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population

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age and gender

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women have better health than men. Girls are less likely to die before or immediately after birth. boys have twice the rate of accidents, triple the rate of violence, and four times the rate of suicide.

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social class and race

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82% of people with incomes of $100,00 think their health is excellent or very good, but only 52% of people in families earning less than $35,000 say the same. poverty among African Americans explains why black people are more likely to die in infancy, and to suffer the effects of high blood pressure and heart disease. life expectancy of whites is 4 years longer than blacks African American women outlive men of either race Infant mortality is twice as high for disadvantaged children, the poorest in our nation are as vulnerable to diseases as children from low income nations

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cigarettes

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divorced and separated people, the unemployed, and people in the military. more common among working class people. 22% men, 17% women. 17% of high school and 33% of college students, kills 6 million people each year.

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eating disorder

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an intense form of dieting or other unhealthy weight control driven by the desire to be very thin

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obesity

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64% of U.S. adults are overweight, compared with 12% for the entire world.1 in 5 young people is overweight

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holistic medicine

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an approach to healthcare that emphasizes the prevention of illness and takes into account a person's entire physical and social environment.y three foundations: 1. treat patients as people 2. encourage responsibility, not dependency 3. provide personal treatment

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China

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the government controls most health care. "barefoot doctors" equivalent to paramedics, bring medical care to peasants in rural villages. Traditional healing arts are still widely practiced. approach to health is based on a holistic concern for the interplay of mind and body.

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Russia

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the state is in charge, and everyone has a right to basic medical care. People do not choose a doctor but report to a local government health facility. Physicians have much lower incomes. About 72% are women.

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Sweden

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In 1891, began a mandatory comprehensive system of government medical care. Doctors are government employees, and hospitals are government managed.

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socialized medicine

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a medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most physicians.

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Great Britain

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In 1948, established socialized medicine by creating a dual system of medical services. All citizens are entitled to medical care provided by the National Health Service, but those who can afford it may go to doctors and hospitals that operate privately

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Canada

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since 1972 has had a single payer model of health care.

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Japan

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operate privately, but a combination of government programs and private insurance pays medical costs

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direct fee system

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a medical care system in which patients pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals

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hmo

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an organization that provides comprehensive medical care to subscribers for a fixed fee.

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nursing shortage

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1. technological advances allow more illnesses to be treated 2. rapid expansion in hospital outpatient services 3. increasing focus on preventative care 4. aging population schools do not have enough teachers Heavy patient loads, too much overtime, stressful work environment, lack of respect

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Structural functional theory

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Parson's analysis of the sick role and the Physician's role

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Parsons

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considered illness dysfunctional because it reduces peoples abilities to perform their roles

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sick role

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patterns of behavior defined as appropriate for people who are ill

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symbolic interaction theory

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health and medical care are socially constructed by people in everyday interaction. people in a poor society may view malnutrition as normal our own society may give little thought to the harmful effects of a rich diet health is less of an objective fact than a negotiated outcome

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psychosomatic

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a fusion of the Greek words for mind and body

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social conflict theory

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points out the connection between health and social inequality

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access to health care

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our society allows the richest people to have the best health

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Marxist theory

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the problem is the capitalist economy that defines health and medicine. The focus is on profit not improving health.

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feminist theory

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claims that scientific medicine often takes sides on significant social issues.

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latent functions of schooling

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Schools as child-care providers Engages young people at a time in their lives when jobs are not plentiful Sets the stage for establishing relationships & networks Link between particular schools and career opportunities

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critical analysis

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Functionalist approach overlooks that the School quality is greater for some than others US educational system reproduces the class structure in each generation System transforms privilege into personal worthiness and social disadvantage Into personal deficiency

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