question

Sex

answer

an individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories—male or female

question

intersexed

answer

or hermaphroditic, which means these babies have an abnormal chromosomal makeup and mixed or indeterminate sex characteristics.

question

Gender

answer

refers to the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members.

question

Human sexual dimorphism

answer

the extent, much debated in recent years, to which inherent physical differences define the distinctions between the two sexes

question

Essentialists

answer

believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and cannot be changed.

question

constructionist

answer

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous system is just one possibility among many

question

gender identity

answer

an individual's self definition or sense of gender

question

Gender inequality

answer

refers to unequal distribution of opportunities and valuable resources (jobs, income, education, etc.) based on gender.

question

Patriarchy

answer

refers to male domination of society; a society is more or less patriarchal depending on how male-dominated it is.

question

Functionalists

answer

generally believe that there are social roles better suited to one gender than the other, and that societies are more stable when certain tasks are fulfilled by the appropriate sex.

question

Instrumental role

answer

the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure -Talcott Parsons believed that men were more suited to take on an instrumental role

question

expressive role

answer

the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing -Talcott Parsons believed women were more suited to take on an expressive role

question

conflict theorists

answer

According to conflict theorists, men have historically had access to most of society's material resources and privileges. Therefore, it is in their interest to try to maintain their dominant position.

question

Interactionists

answer

emphasize how the concept of gender is socially constructed, maintained, and reproduced in our everyday lives.

question

transgendered

answer

term describing an individual whose sense of gender identity transgresses expected gender categories

question

transsexuals

answer

individuals who identify with the other sex and have surgery to alter their own sex so it fits their self image

question

gender role socialization

answer

lifelong process of learning to be \"masculine\" or \"feminine,\" primarily through four main agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, and the media. -Through social learning, the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction, babies respond to and internalize the expectations of those around them. -In schools, teachers tend to favor boys in several ways: boys receive more attention and instructional time, are more likely to be called on in class, are posed with more challenging questions or tasks, and are given more praise for the quality of their work. As teens, boys tend to gain prestige through athletic ability, their sense of humor, and by taking risks and defying norms. - Girls, on the other hand, tend to gain prestige through social position and physical attractiveness.

question

social learning

answer

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction

question

Sex, Gender, and Life Chances

answer

-Sex and gender affect almost every significant aspect of our lives. -Women tend to be disadvantaged in institutional settings in our society, where they do a disproportionate amount of housework, earn less on average than their male peers in the workplace, and remain more likely to live in poverty. -This has led to a situation called the feminization of poverty, which is the pattern that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, due in part to the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing cost of child care. -Our language and vocabulary tend to reflect a hierarchal system of gender inequality.

question

Feminization of poverty

answer

the pattern that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, due in part to the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing cost of child care

question

second shift

answer

the unpaid housework and child care often expected of women after they complete their day's paid labor

question

Feminism

answer

the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes and the social movements organized around that belief.

question

first wave

answer

the earliest period of feminist activism in the United states, including the period from the mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920

question

suffrage movement

answer

the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women

question

second wave

answer

the period of feminist activity during the 1960's and 1970's often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education

question

third wave

answer

most recent period of feminist activity and focuses on issues of diversity and the variety of identities that women can possess.

question

Male liberationism

answer

a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity.

question

men's right movement

answer

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men

question

pro-feminist men's movement

answer

a group that feels that sexism harms both men and women and wants to fundamentally change society's ideas about gender

question

sexuality

answer

the character or quality of being sexual

question

sexual orientation

answer

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders.

question

Heterosexuality

answer

sexual desire for the other gender

question

Homosexuality

answer

the tendency to feel sexual desire toward members of one's own gender

question

Bisexuality

answer

sexual attraction to both genders, bisexuals are sexually attracted to both males and females

question

asexuality

answer

involves the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; asexual people have no interest or desire for sex

question

Queer theory

answer

social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity

question

LGBTQ

answer

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer sometimes A is included to include allies

question

civil unions

answer

proposed as an alternative to gay marriage; a form of legally recognized commitment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage

question

homophobia

answer

fear of or discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender inappropriate behavior

question

Social Institutions

answer

systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals

question

politics

answer

methods and tactics intended to influence government policy, policy related attitudes, and activities

question

Government

answer

the formal organized agency that exercises power and control in modern society especially through the creation and enforcement of laws

question

power

answer

the ability to impose one's will on others

question

authority

answer

the legitimate non-coercive exercise of power

question

authoritarianism

answer

system of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens

question

monarchy

answer

government by a king or queen, with succession of rulers kept within the family

question

Democracy

answer

a political system in which all citizens have the right to participate.

question

Disenfranchised

answer

stripped of voting rights, either temporarily or permanently

question

Pluralist model

answer

a system of political power in which a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and the mechanisms of power

question

power elite

answer

a term coined by C. Wright Mills for a relatively small number of people who control the economic, political, and military institutions of a society. -a relatively small group of people in the top ranks of economic, political, and military institutions who make many of the important decisions in American society

question

Special interest groups

answer

organizations that raise and spend money to influence elected officials and/or public opinion.

question

Political action committees (PACs)

answer

organizations that raise money to support the interests of a select group or organization.

question

Fourth estate

answer

the media, which are considered like a fourth branch of government (after executive, legislative, and judiciary) and thus serve as another of the checks and balances on power

question

opinion leaders

answer

high profile individuals whose interpretation of events influences the public

question

simulacrum

answer

an image or media representation that does not reflect reality in any meaningful way but is treated as real

question

Education

answer

the process by which a society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to its members so they can function in society.

question

Tracking

answer

the placement of students in educational \"tracks,\" or programs of study (e.g., college prep, remedial), that determine the types of classes students take

question

Hidden curriculum

answer

the values and behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the educational system's structure and teaching methods. This includes things such as obedience to authority and strict adherence to norms. Many argue that the hidden curriculum reinforces and reproduces conditions of social inequality in society.

question

Charter schools

answer

public schools run by private entities to give parents greater control over their children's education.

question

Early college high schools

answer

institutions that blend high school and college into a coherent educational program in which students earn both a high school diploma and two years of college credit toward a bachelor's degree

question

Homeschooling

answer

involves the education of children by their parents, at home

question

School vouchers

answer

payments from the government to parents whose children attend failing public schools to help parents pay for private school tuition.

question

Community college

answer

two-year institution that provides students with general education and facilitates transfer to a four-year university

question

Online education

answer

any educational course or program in which the teacher and the student meet via the internet, rather than meeting physically in a classroom

question

Religion

answer

any institutionalized system of shared beliefs (propositions and ideas held on the basis of faith) and rituals (practices based on those beliefs) that identify a relationship between the sacred (holy, divine, or supernatural) and the profane (ordinary, mundane, or everyday).

question

beliefs

answer

propositions and ideas held on the basis of faith

question

rituals

answer

practices based on those beliefs

question

sacred

answer

holy, divine, or supernatural

question

profane

answer

ordinary, mundane, or everyday.

question

Monotheistic

answer

a term describing religions that worship a single divine figure

question

Liberation theology

answer

a movement within the Catholic Church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice

question

Religiosity

answer

the regular practice of religious beliefs, often measured in terms of frequency of attendance at worship services and the importance of religious beliefs to an individual

question

Extrinsic religiosity

answer

refers to a person's public display of commitment to a religious faith

question

Intrinsic religiosity

answer

refers to a person's inner religious life or personal relationship to the divine

question

Fundamentalism

answer

the practice of emphasizing literal interpretation of texts and a \"return\" to a time of greater religious purity; represented by the most conservative group within any religion

question

Evangelical

answer

a term describing conservative Christians who emphasize converting others to their faith

question

Unchurched

answer

a term describing those who consider themselves spiritual but not religious and who often adopt aspects of various religious traditions

question

secular

answer

nonreligious; a secular society separates church and state and does not endorse any religion

question

hunting and gathering societies

answer

The earliest form of economy in the Americas

question

horticultural societies

answer

based on the domestication of animals, farming, and generating a surplus of resources

question

Agricultural Revolution

answer

refers to the social and economic changes, including population increases, which followed from the domestication of plants and animals and the gradually increasing efficiency of food production. Better farming and ranching techniques allowed larger groups to thrive and remain in one location for longer periods of time

question

Industrial Revolution

answer

refers to the rapid transformation of social life resulting from the technological and economic developments that began with the assembly line, steam power, and urbanization

question

Information Revolution

answer

refers to the recent social revolution made possible by the development of the microchip in the 1970s, which brought about vast improvements in the ability to manage information. Other technologies associated with the Information Revolution include the internet, computer networking, and all types of digital media and communications.

question

Knowledge workers

answer

those who work primarily with information and who create value in the economy through their ideas, judgments, analyses, designs, or innovations

question

service workers

answer

those whose work involves providing a service to businesses or individual clients, customers, or consumers rather than manufacturing goods

question

Capitalism

answer

an economic system based on the laws of market competition, privatization of the means of production, and production for a profit, with an emphasis on supply and demand as a means to set price.(BOOK DEFINITION) (SHANNON'S): no one follows the law of the free market completely, there is control of the labor market for example (it's not \"free\"), the state does intervene, book definition is the ideal type

question

Socialism

answer

an economic system based on the collective ownership of the means of production, collective distribution of goods and services, and government regulation of the economy (BOOK DEFINITION) (SHANNON'S): number of socialists who reject states and reject government...it's not collective ownership, but state ownership in many situations, book definition is the ideal type

question

Communism

answer

a system of government that eliminates private property and is the most extreme form of socialism because all citizens work for the government and there are no class distinctions. (BOOK DEFINITION) (SHANNON'S): book doesn't used basic Marx taxonomy, state would wither away, libertarian communists...shouldn't use the state for any of this, we know our term \"communism\" due to cold war, book definition is the ideal type

question

Information work

answer

work that involves the production analysis and distribution of information or knowledge; workers primarily think for a living

question

telecommuting

answer

working from home while staying connected to the office through communications technology

question

resistance strategies

answer

ways that workers express discontent with their working conditions and try to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor

question

union

answer

an association of workers who bargain collectively for increased wages and benefits and better working conditions

question

Globalization

answer

the cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late twentieth and early 21st centuries

question

sweatshop

answer

a workplace where workers are subject to below-standard wages, long hours, and poor working conditions

question

outsourcing

answer

\"contracting out\" or transferring to another country the labor that a company might otherwise have employed its own staff to perform

question

shallow integration

answer

where whole products are imported

question

deep integration

answer

where corporations are multinational, with complex relations of decision making, production, and distribution occurring across the world

question

Third Sector (independent sector)

answer

the part of the economy composed of nonprofit organizations; their workers are mission driven, rather than profit driven, and such organizations direct surplus funds to the causes they support

question

What can we not abstract economics from?

answer

Political and social life -political economy becomes how the mechanisms of power create different kinds of social power, production, distribution, and consumption-

question

Political economy Neo liberalism

answer

-left wing folks -seen as classical liberalism -elimination price controls...lowing trade barriers -deregulating capital markets -washington consensus -IMF (international monetary fund): reduce poverty, promote high employment, promote austerity, and foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability -WTO (world trade organization): regulates international trade, discuss trade policy, structural adjustment (remember the failure for the water development thing for Cochabamba?..privatizing water supply and lead to beckdale to turn a profit and could arrest people for collecting rain water) -World Bank: provides loans for capital development

Sociology Ch 9-11

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards