Sociology Ch. 13 – Flashcards
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Education
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A social institution that transmits attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, values, norms, and skills to its members through formal, systematic training
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Schooling
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Formal training and instruction provided in a classroom setting
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Intelligence quotient (IQ)
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An index of an individual's performance on a standardized test relative to the performance of others of the same age
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Hidden curriculum
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School practices that transmit nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, norms, and beliefs that legitimize economic inequality and fill unequal work roles
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Credentialism
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An increasing emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that people have certain skills, educational attainment levels, or job qualifications
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Tracking
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Also called streaming or ability grouping, this involves assigning students to specific educational programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability
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Religion
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A social institution that involves shared beliefs, values, and practices related to the supernatural that unites believers into a community
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Sacred
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Anything that people see as mysterious, awe-inspiring, extraordinary and powerful, holy, and not part of the natural world
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Secular
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Anything that is not related to religion
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Religiosity
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Refers to the ways that an individual demonstrates his or her religious beliefs; Multidimensions, how much you are attached to your church
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Cult
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A religious movement that is devoted to beliefs and practices that are outside of those accepted by mainstream culture and society
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New religious movement (NRM)
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Term used instead of cult by most sociologists
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Charismatic leader
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A religious leader whom followers see as having exceptional or superhuman powers and qualities
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Sect
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A religious group that has broken away from an established religion
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Denomination
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A subgroup within a religion that shares its name and traditions and is generally on good terms with the main group
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Church
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A large established religious group that has strong ties to mainstream society
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Secularization
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A process of removing institutions such as education and government from the dominance or influence of religion
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Fundamentalism
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The belief in the literal meaning of a sacred text
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Civil religion
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Sometimes called secular religion; practices in which citizenship takes on religious aspects
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Protestant ethic
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A belief that hard work, diligence, self-denial, frugality, and economic success will lead to salvation in the afterlife
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False consciousness
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An acceptance of a system of beliefs that prevents people from protesting oppression
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Ritual
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Sometimes called a rite; A formal and repeated behavior in which the members of a group regularly engage
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What are the changes in U.S. education?
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-Expansion of universal education -Flourishing community colleges -Increase in student diversity -Increase in public higher education
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how has U.S. educational attainment changed from 1940-2011?
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-great increase in high school completion or higher -slight increase in bachelor's degree or higher -decrease in less than high school completion
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How does functionalism view education?
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-emphasizes the benefits of education. -It looks at how education fits with the rest of society and help meet society's needs.
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What are the manifest (open, intended, and visible) functions of education?
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-Socializing children -Transmitting knowledge and culture -Increasing cultural integration -Encouraging cultural innovation -Allowing upward mobility and benefitting taxpayers
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Which level of degree earns the most in his/her lifetime?
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1. Professional 2. Doctoral 3. Master's
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What are the latent (hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended) functions of education?
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-Providing child care -Matchmaking -Decreasing job competition -Creating social networks -Creating business opportunities
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How does conflict theory view education?
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-addresses the ways in which education perpetuates social inequality. -It asks why education benefits some people more than others.
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Which race and ethnicity has the highest percentage of a college degree or higher? Has there been any change since 1970?
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1. Asian/Pacific Islander 2. White 3. Black 4. Latino (used to be Latino then Black)
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Educational attainment varies by ____________
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race and ethnicity
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One of the best predictors of educational attainment is
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Social class
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What reinforces and reproduces the existing class structure?
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Access to capital
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Economic capital
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Income and monetary assets
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Cultural capital
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Social assets such as education and attitudes
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Social capital
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Social networks
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What do schools use to maintain the status quo?
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Standardized tests and social control
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Gatekeeping refers to controlling
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The access to education and jobs
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What are some gatekeeping methods?
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IQ tests, SAT, and advanced placement classes
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About _______ percent of Americans have attained at least a college degree
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31
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How do schools in low-income and working-class neighborhoods foster hidden curriculum?
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They stress obedience, following directions, and punctuality
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How do elite private schools foster hidden curriculum?
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They encourage leadership, creativity, and people skills
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What happens as more people obtain a college degree?
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Its value diminishes
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Legacies
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The children of alumni who get into colleges regardless of their accomplishments or abilities
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How do feminist theorists view education?
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They consider how gender affects education
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How do men's and women's literacy rates compare?
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In almost every country, women's literacy rates lag behind those of men.
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Does gender create big gaps in the US?
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social class and race/ethnicity create bigger gaps than gender
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How do women's and men's college graduation rates compare?
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US women have higher college graduation rates than men
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Where do women lag behind in the educational world?
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In STEM courses: science, technology, engineering, and math
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Women are largely underrepresented in all of the following fields except
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Psychology
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Labeling is often based on tracking and can lead to
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A self-fulfilling prophecy
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How does educational attainment change between genders?
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-Equal as high school graduates -More women with associates degrees, bachelors degrees, and Masters degrees -more men with professional and doctoral degrees
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How does symbolic interaction view education?
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considers how social contexts affect the process of education.
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What happens when tracking is based on stereotypes?
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Labeling results
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Students achieve what is expected of them
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Student engagement
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How involved students are in their own learning
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How does parental involvement affect student achievement?
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It has a strong and positive effect
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Which students are the least likely to be engaged?
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Low-income, minority students
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How many hours per week do full-time college students study compared with those in 1961?
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14 compared with 24 in 1961
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In what subjects do students from other countries outperform US students?
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Science and math
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Where does the US educational system rank in the world?
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26th
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Do US schools have shorter or longer school days?
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Shorter
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What do many US schools suffer from?
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Inadequate funding
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Are students prepared for college?
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According to most college faculty, no
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What do many US teachers have to face?
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Teaching outside of their field
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How much do public school teachers?
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Less than employees in other occupations
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What percent of Americans ages 16 to 24 are high school dropouts?
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8%
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What percent of dropouts are foreign-born youth?
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20%
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What percent of children who live in poverty don't graduate?
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22%
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How have high school dropout rates changed from 1972-2009?
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Decreased across all race and ethnicities
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Grade inflation
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The number of students earning "A" grades is increasing while performance on standardized tests is decreasing
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Why does grade inflation happen?
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Teachers and professors experience pressure to inflate grades
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What results from grade inflation?
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Students are given an exaggerated and unrealistic sense of their ability and accomplishments
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How many high school students admit to cheating on tests?
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60%
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How many college students say they have cheated?
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Between 50 to 75%
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Spirituality
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A personal quest connected to a reality greater than self
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How do cults usually organize?
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Around a charismatic leader whom followers see as having exceptional or superhuman powers and qualities
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How are sects started?
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Usually by dissatisfied members of the original group
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Which religious organization is typically bureaucratically organized?
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Churches
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Which religious organization has formal worship services?
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Churches
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Which religious organization accommodates themselves to the larger society?
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Denominations
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Which religious organization sees other groups as valid?
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Denominations
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Which is the largest religion worldwide?
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Christianity
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Which is the second largest religion worldwide?
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Islam
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Which is the third largest religion worldwide?
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Hinduism
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Which is the fourth largest religion worldwide?
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Buddhism
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Which is the fifth largest religion worldwide?
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Judaism
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What percent of persons worldwide are nonreligious or atheist?
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16%
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What percent of Americans believe in God?
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92%
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What percent of Americans say they are deeply religious?
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72%
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What percent of Americans say that religion is important in their lives?
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55%
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What percent of Americans attend religious services at least once a week?
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44%
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What religious affiliations are the greatest in the United States?
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Christian (Protestant, Catholic, Mormon), Jewish, Muslim, Other
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Which sex tends to be more religious?
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Women
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Which age tends to be more religious?
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Older Americans
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Which race/ethnicity tends to be less religious?
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Whites
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Which social class tends to be more religious?
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Lower classes. As income increases, the importance of religion decreases
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Has attendance at religious services increased or decreased?
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Decreased
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Do more or less people report religion as important in their lives?
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Fewer
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Is fundamentalism increasing or decreasing in the US and worldwide?
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Increasing
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How does functionalism view religion?
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It considers the benefits of religion
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What are the benefits of religion?
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Belonging and identity Meaning, purpose, and emotional comfort -Social services -Social control
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Who coined the term and argued that the rise of the Protestant ethic was necessary for the rise of capitalism?
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Max Weber
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Which one of the following is not a good example of civil religion?
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Singing Christmas carols at religious activities
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For ______, religion is a community that is unified by its symbols and shares a worldview
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Symbolic interactionists
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Religion usually supports _________ but can be used to push for _________
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The status quo; social change
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What are dysfunctions of religion?
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-Conflict between groups -Justifying attacks -Allowing abuse -Increasing anxiety about death
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How do you conflict theorists view religion?
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argue that religion promotes social inequality
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Which perspective agrees with "Religion often promotes strife through the differentiation of 'we' and 'them.'"?
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Conflict theorists
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Which perspective agrees with "Religion can promote prejudice and discrimination"?
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Conflict theorists
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Which perspective agrees with "Religion can encourage violence"?
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Conflict theorists
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How did Marx view religion?
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As a form of false consciousness
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How do you feminist theorists view religion?
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argue that religion subordinates and excludes women.
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Which perspective agrees with "Most religions are patriarchal, emphasizing men's experiences and women as subordinate."?
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Feminist theorists
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Which perspective agrees with "religious texts have been interpreted and manipulated in a patriarchal manner"?
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Feminist theorists
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Which perspective agrees with "women are excluded from leadership positions in the church"?
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Feminist theorists
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Which religious groups are now allowing women to be clergy?
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Many Protestant denominations, but they often are limited in power
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How do symbolic interactionists view religion?
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study the ways in which religion provides meaning in everyday life.
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Which perspective agrees with "Religion is a social product that is taught through symbols, rituals, and beliefs"?
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symbolic interactionists
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Symbol
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Something that stands for something else
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Belief
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Conviction about what people think is true
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What does religion and education have in common? What separates them?
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Both socialization Education is based on facts while religion is based on faith and ideologies
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Where does religion fit in the AGIL model?
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I for Integration (Social Subunit by Norm Means) and L for Latency (Cultural Subunit by Ideology-Value Means)
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Where does education fit in the AGIL model?
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G for Goal Attainment (Personality Subunit by Status Means)
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Is religion part of Thinking, Doing or Having culture?
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Thinking
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How many different types of religion are there in the world?
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10,000
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Which areas in the world are secular?
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Europe
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Which areas in the world are religious?
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Africa, Asia, Latin America
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Religious preference in US
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Catholic Baptist Other Protestant None Methodist
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Religion affiliation
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The group of religious behavior you belong to (don't have to be religious)
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Which religion in the US is growing from immigrants coming from unsettled areas?
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American Muslims
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What religions are Arabs?
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Catholic, Muslim, Orthodox, Protestants
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What is the US distribution of religions?
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Southern states-Baptist Western states-Lutheran Southern border-expect Catholic but move a lot Utah-Mormons
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Who was the first person to classify religious organizations into four categories based on size, tolerance, acceptance, and relation to government?
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Yinger
