Sociology Ch 12 – Flashcards

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What does the Western World Consider as a family?
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A husband, wife, and children
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What is Polygyny?
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Men have more than 1 wife
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What is Polyandry?
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Women have more than one husband
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What do the Banaro of New Guinea do to start a family?
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A young woman must give birth before she can marry-and she cannot marry the father of her child.
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What is often one of the strongest Family Bonds?
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Mother and Daughter!!! :D
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What is a family?
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A family consists of people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption.
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What is a household?
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Consists of people who occupy the same housing unit-a house, apartment, or other living quarters.
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What is the difference between a nuclear and extended family?
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Nuclear is husband, wife, and children Extended includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins in addition to the nuclear unit.
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What is the difference between a family of orientation and family of procreation?
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Family of orientation = the family in which an individual grows up. Family of procreation= the family that is formed when a couple has its first child.
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When did several European countries legalize same sex marriage?
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In the 1980s and 1990s several European Countries legalized same-sex marriages. Canada and several U.S. states soon followed.
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What happens if a son dies without a wife in Loess Plateau in China?
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His parents look for a dead woman to be his bride. After buying one-from the parents of a dead unmarried daughter-the dead man and woman are married and then buried together. Happy that their son will have intimacy in the afterlife, the parents throw a part to celebrate the marriage.
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What is marriage?
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A group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort (the wedding) to indicate the couple's new public status.
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What is marriage used for?
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All societies use marriage and family to establish patterns of mate selection, descent, inheritance, and authority.
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What is the structure of marriage in traditional societies and in industrial societies?
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Traditional- Extended (marriage embeds spouses in a large kinship network of explicit obligations) Industrial (and Postindustrial) Societies- Marriage brinds fewer obligations toward the spouse's relatives.
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What are the functions of marriage in a traditional society and in industrial/postindustrial societies?
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Traditional-Encompassing (6 functions: economic production, socialization of children, care of the sick and aged, recreation, sexual control, reproduction) Industrial/Postindustrial-more limited (many functions are fulfilled by other social institutions)
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Who holds authority in traditional societies and industrial/postindustrial?
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Traditional- Patriarchal (authority is held by males) Industrial/postindustrial - although some patriarchal features remain, authority is divided more equally.
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How many spouses do people have at one time in traditional societies and in industrial/postindustrial?
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Traditional- Most have one spouse (monogamy) while some have several (polygamy) Industrial/postindustrial- One spouse
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Who selects the spouse in traditional and in industrial/postindustrial societies?
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Traditional-Parents, usually the father, select the spouse Industrial/postindustrial-individuals choose their own spouses.
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Where does the couple live during the traditional times and during the postindustrial times?
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Traditional- couples usually reside with the groom's family (patrilocal residence), less commonly with the bride's family (matrilocal residence) Industrial/postindustrial- Couples establish a new home (neolocal residence)
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How is descent figured in traditional families and postindustrial families?
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Traditional- Usually figured from male ancestors (patrilineal kinship) less commonly from female ancestors (matrilineal kinship) Industrial/postindustrial-Figured from male and female ancestors equally (bilineal kinship)
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How is inheritance figured in traditional and in industrial/postindustrial families?
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Traditional-Rigid system of rules; usually patrilineal, but can be matrilineal Industrial/postindustrial-highly individualistic; usually bilineal.
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What is Endogamy and what is exogamy?
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Endogamy specifies that its members must marry within their group. Exogamy specifies that people must marry outside their group.
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What is the best example of exogamy?
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Incest taboo, which prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives.
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What is a system of descent?
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The way people trace kinship over generations.
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What is a bilineal system? Patrilineal system? a matrilineal system?
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Bilineal system- think of ourselves as related to both our mother's and our father's sides of the family. Patrilineal system- trace descent only on father's side Matrilineal system- trace descent only on the mommy's side.
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What group doesn't even have a word for "father"?
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The Naxi of China!
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What is a patriarchy? Matriarch? Egalitarian?
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Patriarchy- a social system in which men-as-a-group dominate women-as-a-group. This one runs through all societies. Matriarchy- a society in which women-as-a-group dominate men-as-a-group. There are no historical records of a true matriarchy. Egalitarian- Equal society! Some of today's customs still reflect their patriarchal origin.
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Talk about internet dating a little bit I guess.
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1/5 of heterosexual couples meet online. 3/5 of homosexual couples meet online. People lie a little bit online and in real life when dating (weigh less then in reality, taller than in reality, ect) Internet dating is just traditional dating dressed up in different clothing according to Mr. Sociology textbook
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What 6 needs does the family fulfill that are basic to survival of society?
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The family is universal to functionalists because of these 6 reasons! 1.) Economic production 2.) Socialization of children 3.) Care of the sick and aged 4.) Recreation 5.) Sexual Control 6.) Reproduction To make sure that these functions are performed, every human group has adopted some form of the family.
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What do functionalists say about incest taboo?
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Incest taboo helps families avoid role confusion and this, in turn, helps parents socialize children. Forces people to look outside the fam for marriage partners. especially functional in tribal societies for it forged alliances between tribes that otherwise might have killed each other off.
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what is the source of conflict in marriage according to conflict theorists?
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Power is the source of conflict in marriage. Who has it? and who resents not having it? I guess.
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Who makes the decisions in a household 43% of the time? 26% of the time? 31% of the time?
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43% = wife 26% = hubby 31% = together! :)
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How are parents squeezing out more time with their kids?
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Spending less time on social activities and by participaing less in organizations. Men are doing more housework, wives are doing less and the total hours that husbands and wives spend on housework dropped sooo lots more time for the kids! YAY!!!
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What is gendered division of labor?
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Husbands still take the primary responsiblity for earning the income and wives the primary responsibility for taking care of the house and children. Shift taking place though! Wives now spend more time making moneys while husbands work on the house and play with the kids.Later = more marital equality in the future.
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Why does romantic love captivate us?
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It is addictive
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Is love sickness real?
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Love feelings light up the same area of the brain that lights up when cocaine addicts are craving coke. So we go through withdrawls and pain when its gone. And then pain centers light up in your pain too.
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What is Romantic Love?
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Mutual sexual attraction and idealized feelings about one another. in western life, it is regarded as the only proper basis for marriage.
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What did psychologists donald dutton and authur aron discover about romantic love?
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That fear can produce romantic love (bridge)
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What are two components of romantic love?
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Emotional, a feeling of sexual attraction Cognitive, a label that we attach to our feelings.
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What are the most highly predictable social channels of love and marriage?
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age, education, social class, and race-ethnicity
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What's homogamy?
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The tendency of people who have similar characteristics to marry one another.
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Why does homogamy occur?
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It occurs largely as a result of propinquity, or spatial nearness.
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What % of married americans choose to marry someone of their same racial-ethnic background and what % do not?
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93% of married Americans choose someone of their same racial-ethnic, 7% do not.
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How many married couples are in the united states and how many are the ones who don't marry outside their race?
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60 million married couples. 4 million couples who marry outside of racial-ethnic background.
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How many states was it illegal to marry interacially back in the day?
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40 states.
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What was the penalty for interacial marriage in mississippi?
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Life in prison.
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When was interracial marriages legal everywhere in the U.S.
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1967
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Which groups tend to prefer larger families?
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Those who attend church services more often prefer larger families than those who attend less often. Last couple of polls said Younger Americans (ages 18-34) prefer larger families than those who are older than 34.
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How many children are in daycare?
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1 of 6 or 7
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How much are daycare workers paid on average?
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$17,000
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What 2 factors predict a good day care center?
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Staff who have taken courses in early childhood development and a low ratio of children per staff member.
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How do working class parents view their children compared to middle-class parents?
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Working Class: Wild flowers that develop naturally. More likely to set limits for their children and then let them choose their own activities. Because members of the working class are closely supervised on their job where they follow explicit rules, their concern is less with their children's motivation and more with their outward conformity. More likely to use physical punishment which brings about outward conformity without regard for internal attitude. Middle class: Wild flowers that need a lot of nurturing if they are to bloom. More likely to try to push their children into activities that they think will develop their thinking and social skills. Middle-class workers are expected to take more initiative on the job so they have more concern that their children develop curiosity and self-expression. More likely to withdraw privileges or affection than to use physical punishment.
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Sociologist Melvin Kohn found what concerning parents and children?
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The kind of work they do has an impact on how they raise their children.
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What % of 25-29 year olds live with their parents? What % of those living at home have children?
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18%, about 15% of this still-at-home group have children.
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Who are adultolescents?
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grownups who live at home. They enjoy the protection of home, but they have to work out issues about turf, authority, and responsibilities with the parents.
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Why are women more likely to become widowed than men?
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Women live longer than men. Women usually marry men who are older than they are.
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What is the widowhood effect?
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When the impact of the death is so strong that surviving spouses tend to die earlier than expected. The widowhood effect is not even across the board, however, and those who have gone through anticipatory grief suffer fewer health consequences.
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Talk a little bit about "african-american families" since they're supposedly different from the rest of America -_- Lame book
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Upper class African American classes marry later than children of other classes. Middle-class African American families focus on achievement and respectability. Both hubby and wife are likely to work outside the home. A central concern is that their children go to college, get good jobs, and marry well-that is, marry people like themselves, respectable and hardworking, who want to get ahead in school and puruse a successful career. Families in poverty- it is difficult for the fathers to fulfill the central roles of hubby and father. Families are likely to be headed by a woman and to have a high rate of births to single women. Divorce and desertion are also more common than among other classes. Sharing scarce resources and "stretching kinship" (fictive kin) are primary survival mechanisms. Apparently, African American families are least likely to be headed by married couples and the most likely to be headed by women. African American women tend to go farther in school than African American men, so they are more likely than women in other racial-ethnic groups to marry men who are less educated than themselves.
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Which group/family is most likely to be headed by single women?
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African American Families...
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Which race of women are more likely to marry men who are less educated than themselves?
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African American ... :/
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Families from Mexico are more likely to be headed by a _____ than are families from puerto rico.
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Married couple
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What is more important in determining family life in latino families?
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Social Class.
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What's special about Latino dads.
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Some researchers have found that Latino husbands-fathers play a stronger role than husbands-fathers in white and African American families.
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Which family is most likely to be headed by 2 parents?
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Asian families.
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what are some distinctions of Asian Families?
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Social class is important. Emigrated from many different countries so their family life reflects those many different cultures. Tend to retain Confucian values that provide a framework for family life: humanism, collectivity, self-discipline, hierarchy, respect for the elderly, moderation, and obligation (no shame to the family). Child's success brings honor to the family. More likely to use shame and guilt than physical punishment. Bewildering world of incompatible expectations-those of the new culture and those of their parents. They experience more family conflict and mental problems than do children of Asian Americans who are not immigrants.
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What is the most significant issue of native american families?
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Whether to follow traditional values or to assimilate into the dominant culture.
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Which family group is most like Latino families?
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Native American Families
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Features of Native American Families? (based on the book. I think every family is different and unique)
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Permissive with their children and avoid physical punishment. Elders play a more active role in their children's families than they do in most U.S. families. Elders provide child care but also teach and discipline children. Differ by social class.
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Why are single Parent families becoming more prevalent?
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Divorce, single women who give birth are taking longer to get married,
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What % of children with divorced parents live with mommy?
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4/5 (81%)
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About __ of __ married women don't have kids. Which is double what is was years ago.
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1 of 5
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More education (excluding phds) = more or less kids?
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More education women have the less likely they are to have children.
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What is a blended family?
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one whose members were once part of other families.
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Who are Dinks?
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Dual Incomes, No Kids.
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How many states have laws that prohibit same sex marriage?
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41
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What problems did sociologist PHilip Blumstein and Pepper find with homosexual couples?
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housework, money, careers, problems with relatives, and sexual adjustment. (Same types of problems as heteroexual couples). They also face a stigma, sometimes accompanied by discrimination.
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What % of lesbians have kids and what % of gays?
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30% lesbian coupls and 17% of gay couples rear children.
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Which anthropologist felt like it was necessary to interview homosexuals to see if they want kids for the same reasons that we do?
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Ellen Lewin interviewed folks in San Francisco and Chicago who had adopted children.
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How old is the average woman when she has a kid? Main reason for older age for kids and marriage and stuff.
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25. main reason they say is cohabitation.
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What is cohabitation?
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adults living together in a sexual relationship without being married.
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Cohabitation is ___ times more likely than in the 1970s
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12 times
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___ of couples who marry have cohabitated.
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2/3
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___% of kids have spent time in a cohabitating family
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44%
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Are cohabitating couples more or less likely to divorce after cohabitating?
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more likely based on what sociologists say. People are less picky about choosing someone to live with than choosing someone to marry. Many experience a "push" toward marriage though from each other and friends/family. As a result many end up marrying someone they would not otherwise have chosen as a spouse. HOWEVER, latest research shows that of the recently married the divorce rate of those who did and did not cohabit before marriage is about the same. Cohabitation may neither weaken nor strengthen marriage.
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Why do people cohabitate?
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Less commitment (fun and sexxy times and emotional support without commitment of marriage) Safe (No chance of getting a divorce) Cheap (no wedding or honeymoon) Substitute for marriage (10%) Step toward marriage (46%) or giving it a try (15%) Form a dating/Just dating (29%)
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What did sociologist Kammi Schmeer study/find?
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Studied health of children of married and cohabitating parents. Cohabiting kids aren't as healthy as kids with married parents.
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What is the U.S. divorce rate?
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50% Roughly 2 million marriages and 1 million divorces each year. 60 million married couples, and about 1 milion of them get divorced in a year so I guess you could also say divorce rate is less than 2% based on the book too. Of all U.S. adults, what percentage are divorced? 43-46% of marriages end in divorce so 50% like the book originally said. Don't know why they said all of that 2% stuff before.
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Which state has the lowest divorce rate? Highest divorce Rate?
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Lowest! Massachusetts (2.2) (after Massachusets it is north dakota and then illinois) Highest: Nevada (6.5) (then Arkansas, then Wyoming)
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What reduces or increases chances of getting a divorce?
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People who go to college, participate in a religion, wait to get married before having children, and earn higher incomes have a much better chance that their marriages will last. First couples firstborn is a boy, the father is more likely to stick around... Divorce chance increases for- ppl with a baby before marriage, marry in their teens, etc. if the firstborn is a girl... The more co-workers you have of the opposite sex = more likely to get divorced. Working with people who are recently divorced.
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What do psychologist Judit Wallerstein and Mavis Hetherington say about divorce and kids?
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Judith: Divorce scars children (depression, insecurities) Mavis: 75-80% of children of divorce function as well as children with 2 parents.
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What does sociologist urie bronfenbrenner say about 3rd legs?
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second adult other than the parent who left after the divorce serves as like a third leg, giving stability to the smaller family unit. Any adult could be a 3rd leg...
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Who are continuities?
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Represent lingering attachments after the divorce. Former husband still comes over to help around the house, former wife might invite guy over for dinner or watch tv, might go out together sometimes, some even keep on sleeping together.
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Which sociologist talked about step moms and dads and stuff being confusing for peeps?
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Andrew Cherlin. Step dad and step bro and step uncles ect represent ill-defined relationships.
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What did sociologist Murray Straus say about spouse battring?
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wives attack just as often as hubbies
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Where is incest most likely to happen?
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families that are socially isolated
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Which sociologist studies incest?
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Diana Russell. Found incest victims who experience most trauma are those who were victimzed most often and whose incest was more intrusive.
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___ of ___ = happy marriages
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3 of 5 married couples = happy
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What sociologist studied happy marriages?
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Jeanette and Robert Lauer and Sociologist Nicholas Stinnett Happy marriage recipe based on those guys' studies! 1.) Think of spouses as best friends 2.) Like their spouse as a person 3.) Think of marriage as a long-term commitment 4.) Believe that marriage is sacred 5.) Agree with their spouses on aims and goals 6.) Believe that their spouses have grown more interesting over the years 7.) Strongly want the relationship to succeed 8.) Laugh together Nicholas Stinnett studies: 1.) Spend a lot of time together 2.) Are quick to express appreciation 3.) Are committed to promoting one another's welfare 4.) Do a lot talking and listening to each other 5.) are religious 6.) Deal with crises in a positive manner. Also: get along with their in-laws, find leisure activities that they both enjoy, and agree on how to spend money.
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