Sociology Ch 12 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What does the Western World Consider as a family?
answer
A husband, wife, and children
question
What is Polygyny?
answer
Men have more than 1 wife
question
What is Polyandry?
answer
Women have more than one husband
question
What do the Banaro of New Guinea do to start a family?
answer
A young woman must give birth before she can marry-and she cannot marry the father of her child.
question
What is often one of the strongest Family Bonds?
answer
Mother and Daughter!!! :D
question
What is a family?
answer
A family consists of people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption.
question
What is a household?
answer
Consists of people who occupy the same housing unit-a house, apartment, or other living quarters.
question
What is the difference between a nuclear and extended family?
answer
Nuclear is husband, wife, and children Extended includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins in addition to the nuclear unit.
question
What is the difference between a family of orientation and family of procreation?
answer
Family of orientation = the family in which an individual grows up. Family of procreation= the family that is formed when a couple has its first child.
question
When did several European countries legalize same sex marriage?
answer
In the 1980s and 1990s several European Countries legalized same-sex marriages. Canada and several U.S. states soon followed.
question
What happens if a son dies without a wife in Loess Plateau in China?
answer
His parents look for a dead woman to be his bride. After buying one-from the parents of a dead unmarried daughter-the dead man and woman are married and then buried together. Happy that their son will have intimacy in the afterlife, the parents throw a part to celebrate the marriage.
question
What is marriage?
answer
A group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort (the wedding) to indicate the couple's new public status.
question
What is marriage used for?
answer
All societies use marriage and family to establish patterns of mate selection, descent, inheritance, and authority.
question
What is the structure of marriage in traditional societies and in industrial societies?
answer
Traditional- Extended (marriage embeds spouses in a large kinship network of explicit obligations) Industrial (and Postindustrial) Societies- Marriage brinds fewer obligations toward the spouse's relatives.
question
What are the functions of marriage in a traditional society and in industrial/postindustrial societies?
answer
Traditional-Encompassing (6 functions: economic production, socialization of children, care of the sick and aged, recreation, sexual control, reproduction) Industrial/Postindustrial-more limited (many functions are fulfilled by other social institutions)
question
Who holds authority in traditional societies and industrial/postindustrial?
answer
Traditional- Patriarchal (authority is held by males) Industrial/postindustrial - although some patriarchal features remain, authority is divided more equally.
question
How many spouses do people have at one time in traditional societies and in industrial/postindustrial?
answer
Traditional- Most have one spouse (monogamy) while some have several (polygamy) Industrial/postindustrial- One spouse
question
Who selects the spouse in traditional and in industrial/postindustrial societies?
answer
Traditional-Parents, usually the father, select the spouse Industrial/postindustrial-individuals choose their own spouses.
question
Where does the couple live during the traditional times and during the postindustrial times?
answer
Traditional- couples usually reside with the groom's family (patrilocal residence), less commonly with the bride's family (matrilocal residence) Industrial/postindustrial- Couples establish a new home (neolocal residence)
question
How is descent figured in traditional families and postindustrial families?
answer
Traditional- Usually figured from male ancestors (patrilineal kinship) less commonly from female ancestors (matrilineal kinship) Industrial/postindustrial-Figured from male and female ancestors equally (bilineal kinship)
question
How is inheritance figured in traditional and in industrial/postindustrial families?
answer
Traditional-Rigid system of rules; usually patrilineal, but can be matrilineal Industrial/postindustrial-highly individualistic; usually bilineal.
question
What is Endogamy and what is exogamy?
answer
Endogamy specifies that its members must marry within their group. Exogamy specifies that people must marry outside their group.
question
What is the best example of exogamy?
answer
Incest taboo, which prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives.
question
What is a system of descent?
answer
The way people trace kinship over generations.
question
What is a bilineal system? Patrilineal system? a matrilineal system?
answer
Bilineal system- think of ourselves as related to both our mother's and our father's sides of the family. Patrilineal system- trace descent only on father's side Matrilineal system- trace descent only on the mommy's side.
question
What group doesn't even have a word for "father"?
answer
The Naxi of China!
question
What is a patriarchy? Matriarch? Egalitarian?
answer
Patriarchy- a social system in which men-as-a-group dominate women-as-a-group. This one runs through all societies. Matriarchy- a society in which women-as-a-group dominate men-as-a-group. There are no historical records of a true matriarchy. Egalitarian- Equal society! Some of today's customs still reflect their patriarchal origin.
question
Talk about internet dating a little bit I guess.
answer
1/5 of heterosexual couples meet online. 3/5 of homosexual couples meet online. People lie a little bit online and in real life when dating (weigh less then in reality, taller than in reality, ect) Internet dating is just traditional dating dressed up in different clothing according to Mr. Sociology textbook
question
What 6 needs does the family fulfill that are basic to survival of society?
answer
The family is universal to functionalists because of these 6 reasons! 1.) Economic production 2.) Socialization of children 3.) Care of the sick and aged 4.) Recreation 5.) Sexual Control 6.) Reproduction To make sure that these functions are performed, every human group has adopted some form of the family.
question
What do functionalists say about incest taboo?
answer
Incest taboo helps families avoid role confusion and this, in turn, helps parents socialize children. Forces people to look outside the fam for marriage partners. especially functional in tribal societies for it forged alliances between tribes that otherwise might have killed each other off.
question
what is the source of conflict in marriage according to conflict theorists?
answer
Power is the source of conflict in marriage. Who has it? and who resents not having it? I guess.
question
Who makes the decisions in a household 43% of the time? 26% of the time? 31% of the time?
answer
43% = wife 26% = hubby 31% = together! :)
question
How are parents squeezing out more time with their kids?
answer
Spending less time on social activities and by participaing less in organizations. Men are doing more housework, wives are doing less and the total hours that husbands and wives spend on housework dropped sooo lots more time for the kids! YAY!!!
question
What is gendered division of labor?
answer
Husbands still take the primary responsiblity for earning the income and wives the primary responsibility for taking care of the house and children. Shift taking place though! Wives now spend more time making moneys while husbands work on the house and play with the kids.Later = more marital equality in the future.
question
Why does romantic love captivate us?
answer
It is addictive
question
Is love sickness real?
answer
Love feelings light up the same area of the brain that lights up when cocaine addicts are craving coke. So we go through withdrawls and pain when its gone. And then pain centers light up in your pain too.
question
What is Romantic Love?
answer
Mutual sexual attraction and idealized feelings about one another. in western life, it is regarded as the only proper basis for marriage.
question
What did psychologists donald dutton and authur aron discover about romantic love?
answer
That fear can produce romantic love (bridge)
question
What are two components of romantic love?
answer
Emotional, a feeling of sexual attraction Cognitive, a label that we attach to our feelings.
question
What are the most highly predictable social channels of love and marriage?
answer
age, education, social class, and race-ethnicity
question
What's homogamy?
answer
The tendency of people who have similar characteristics to marry one another.
question
Why does homogamy occur?
answer
It occurs largely as a result of propinquity, or spatial nearness.
question
What % of married americans choose to marry someone of their same racial-ethnic background and what % do not?
answer
93% of married Americans choose someone of their same racial-ethnic, 7% do not.
question
How many married couples are in the united states and how many are the ones who don't marry outside their race?
answer
60 million married couples. 4 million couples who marry outside of racial-ethnic background.
question
How many states was it illegal to marry interacially back in the day?
answer
40 states.
question
What was the penalty for interacial marriage in mississippi?
answer
Life in prison.
question
When was interracial marriages legal everywhere in the U.S.
answer
1967
question
Which groups tend to prefer larger families?
answer
Those who attend church services more often prefer larger families than those who attend less often. Last couple of polls said Younger Americans (ages 18-34) prefer larger families than those who are older than 34.
question
How many children are in daycare?
answer
1 of 6 or 7
question
How much are daycare workers paid on average?
answer
$17,000
question
What 2 factors predict a good day care center?
answer
Staff who have taken courses in early childhood development and a low ratio of children per staff member.
question
How do working class parents view their children compared to middle-class parents?
answer
Working Class: Wild flowers that develop naturally. More likely to set limits for their children and then let them choose their own activities. Because members of the working class are closely supervised on their job where they follow explicit rules, their concern is less with their children's motivation and more with their outward conformity. More likely to use physical punishment which brings about outward conformity without regard for internal attitude. Middle class: Wild flowers that need a lot of nurturing if they are to bloom. More likely to try to push their children into activities that they think will develop their thinking and social skills. Middle-class workers are expected to take more initiative on the job so they have more concern that their children develop curiosity and self-expression. More likely to withdraw privileges or affection than to use physical punishment.
question
Sociologist Melvin Kohn found what concerning parents and children?
answer
The kind of work they do has an impact on how they raise their children.
question
What % of 25-29 year olds live with their parents? What % of those living at home have children?
answer
18%, about 15% of this still-at-home group have children.
question
Who are adultolescents?
answer
grownups who live at home. They enjoy the protection of home, but they have to work out issues about turf, authority, and responsibilities with the parents.
question
Why are women more likely to become widowed than men?
answer
Women live longer than men. Women usually marry men who are older than they are.
question
What is the widowhood effect?
answer
When the impact of the death is so strong that surviving spouses tend to die earlier than expected. The widowhood effect is not even across the board, however, and those who have gone through anticipatory grief suffer fewer health consequences.
question
Talk a little bit about "african-american families" since they're supposedly different from the rest of America -_- Lame book
answer
Upper class African American classes marry later than children of other classes. Middle-class African American families focus on achievement and respectability. Both hubby and wife are likely to work outside the home. A central concern is that their children go to college, get good jobs, and marry well-that is, marry people like themselves, respectable and hardworking, who want to get ahead in school and puruse a successful career. Families in poverty- it is difficult for the fathers to fulfill the central roles of hubby and father. Families are likely to be headed by a woman and to have a high rate of births to single women. Divorce and desertion are also more common than among other classes. Sharing scarce resources and "stretching kinship" (fictive kin) are primary survival mechanisms. Apparently, African American families are least likely to be headed by married couples and the most likely to be headed by women. African American women tend to go farther in school than African American men, so they are more likely than women in other racial-ethnic groups to marry men who are less educated than themselves.
question
Which group/family is most likely to be headed by single women?
answer
African American Families...
question
Which race of women are more likely to marry men who are less educated than themselves?
answer
African American ... :/
question
Families from Mexico are more likely to be headed by a _____ than are families from puerto rico.
answer
Married couple
question
What is more important in determining family life in latino families?
answer
Social Class.
question
What's special about Latino dads.
answer
Some researchers have found that Latino husbands-fathers play a stronger role than husbands-fathers in white and African American families.
question
Which family is most likely to be headed by 2 parents?
answer
Asian families.
question
what are some distinctions of Asian Families?
answer
Social class is important. Emigrated from many different countries so their family life reflects those many different cultures. Tend to retain Confucian values that provide a framework for family life: humanism, collectivity, self-discipline, hierarchy, respect for the elderly, moderation, and obligation (no shame to the family). Child's success brings honor to the family. More likely to use shame and guilt than physical punishment. Bewildering world of incompatible expectations-those of the new culture and those of their parents. They experience more family conflict and mental problems than do children of Asian Americans who are not immigrants.
question
What is the most significant issue of native american families?
answer
Whether to follow traditional values or to assimilate into the dominant culture.
question
Which family group is most like Latino families?
answer
Native American Families
question
Features of Native American Families? (based on the book. I think every family is different and unique)
answer
Permissive with their children and avoid physical punishment. Elders play a more active role in their children's families than they do in most U.S. families. Elders provide child care but also teach and discipline children. Differ by social class.
question
Why are single Parent families becoming more prevalent?
answer
Divorce, single women who give birth are taking longer to get married,
question
What % of children with divorced parents live with mommy?
answer
4/5 (81%)
question
About __ of __ married women don't have kids. Which is double what is was years ago.
answer
1 of 5
question
More education (excluding phds) = more or less kids?
answer
More education women have the less likely they are to have children.
question
What is a blended family?
answer
one whose members were once part of other families.
question
Who are Dinks?
answer
Dual Incomes, No Kids.
question
How many states have laws that prohibit same sex marriage?
answer
41
question
What problems did sociologist PHilip Blumstein and Pepper find with homosexual couples?
answer
housework, money, careers, problems with relatives, and sexual adjustment. (Same types of problems as heteroexual couples). They also face a stigma, sometimes accompanied by discrimination.
question
What % of lesbians have kids and what % of gays?
answer
30% lesbian coupls and 17% of gay couples rear children.
question
Which anthropologist felt like it was necessary to interview homosexuals to see if they want kids for the same reasons that we do?
answer
Ellen Lewin interviewed folks in San Francisco and Chicago who had adopted children.
question
How old is the average woman when she has a kid? Main reason for older age for kids and marriage and stuff.
answer
25. main reason they say is cohabitation.
question
What is cohabitation?
answer
adults living together in a sexual relationship without being married.
question
Cohabitation is ___ times more likely than in the 1970s
answer
12 times
question
___ of couples who marry have cohabitated.
answer
2/3
question
___% of kids have spent time in a cohabitating family
answer
44%
question
Are cohabitating couples more or less likely to divorce after cohabitating?
answer
more likely based on what sociologists say. People are less picky about choosing someone to live with than choosing someone to marry. Many experience a "push" toward marriage though from each other and friends/family. As a result many end up marrying someone they would not otherwise have chosen as a spouse. HOWEVER, latest research shows that of the recently married the divorce rate of those who did and did not cohabit before marriage is about the same. Cohabitation may neither weaken nor strengthen marriage.
question
Why do people cohabitate?
answer
Less commitment (fun and sexxy times and emotional support without commitment of marriage) Safe (No chance of getting a divorce) Cheap (no wedding or honeymoon) Substitute for marriage (10%) Step toward marriage (46%) or giving it a try (15%) Form a dating/Just dating (29%)
question
What did sociologist Kammi Schmeer study/find?
answer
Studied health of children of married and cohabitating parents. Cohabiting kids aren't as healthy as kids with married parents.
question
What is the U.S. divorce rate?
answer
50% Roughly 2 million marriages and 1 million divorces each year. 60 million married couples, and about 1 milion of them get divorced in a year so I guess you could also say divorce rate is less than 2% based on the book too. Of all U.S. adults, what percentage are divorced? 43-46% of marriages end in divorce so 50% like the book originally said. Don't know why they said all of that 2% stuff before.
question
Which state has the lowest divorce rate? Highest divorce Rate?
answer
Lowest! Massachusetts (2.2) (after Massachusets it is north dakota and then illinois) Highest: Nevada (6.5) (then Arkansas, then Wyoming)
question
What reduces or increases chances of getting a divorce?
answer
People who go to college, participate in a religion, wait to get married before having children, and earn higher incomes have a much better chance that their marriages will last. First couples firstborn is a boy, the father is more likely to stick around... Divorce chance increases for- ppl with a baby before marriage, marry in their teens, etc. if the firstborn is a girl... The more co-workers you have of the opposite sex = more likely to get divorced. Working with people who are recently divorced.
question
What do psychologist Judit Wallerstein and Mavis Hetherington say about divorce and kids?
answer
Judith: Divorce scars children (depression, insecurities) Mavis: 75-80% of children of divorce function as well as children with 2 parents.
question
What does sociologist urie bronfenbrenner say about 3rd legs?
answer
second adult other than the parent who left after the divorce serves as like a third leg, giving stability to the smaller family unit. Any adult could be a 3rd leg...
question
Who are continuities?
answer
Represent lingering attachments after the divorce. Former husband still comes over to help around the house, former wife might invite guy over for dinner or watch tv, might go out together sometimes, some even keep on sleeping together.
question
Which sociologist talked about step moms and dads and stuff being confusing for peeps?
answer
Andrew Cherlin. Step dad and step bro and step uncles ect represent ill-defined relationships.
question
What did sociologist Murray Straus say about spouse battring?
answer
wives attack just as often as hubbies
question
Where is incest most likely to happen?
answer
families that are socially isolated
question
Which sociologist studies incest?
answer
Diana Russell. Found incest victims who experience most trauma are those who were victimzed most often and whose incest was more intrusive.
question
___ of ___ = happy marriages
answer
3 of 5 married couples = happy
question
What sociologist studied happy marriages?
answer
Jeanette and Robert Lauer and Sociologist Nicholas Stinnett Happy marriage recipe based on those guys' studies! 1.) Think of spouses as best friends 2.) Like their spouse as a person 3.) Think of marriage as a long-term commitment 4.) Believe that marriage is sacred 5.) Agree with their spouses on aims and goals 6.) Believe that their spouses have grown more interesting over the years 7.) Strongly want the relationship to succeed 8.) Laugh together Nicholas Stinnett studies: 1.) Spend a lot of time together 2.) Are quick to express appreciation 3.) Are committed to promoting one another's welfare 4.) Do a lot talking and listening to each other 5.) are religious 6.) Deal with crises in a positive manner. Also: get along with their in-laws, find leisure activities that they both enjoy, and agree on how to spend money.
