Sociology 102 Exam #1 – Flashcards
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objective element of a social problem
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existence of a social condition
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subjective element of a social problem
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the belief that a particular social condition is harmful to society and that it should be changed
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social problem
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blanket definition combining the objective element and subjective element
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institution
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established and enduring pattern of social relationships
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social group
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two or more people who have a common identity, interact, and form a social relationship
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primary group
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involve small numbers of individuals, are characterized by intimate and informal interaction
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secondary group
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involve small or large numbers of individuals, are task oriented and are characterized by impersonal and formal interaction
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status
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position that a person occupies within a social group
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ascribed status
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status that society assigns to an individual based on factors over which individual has no control
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achieved status
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status is assigned on basis of some characteristic or behavior over which the individual has control
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roles
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a set of rights, obligations, and expectations associated with a status
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culture
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refers to the meanings and ways of life that characterized a society
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beliefs
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definitions and explanations about what is assumed to be true
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values
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social agreements about what is considered good and bad
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norms
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socially defined rules of behavior
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sanctions
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social consequences for conforming to or violating norms
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symbol
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something that represents something else
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sociological imagination
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ability to see the connections between our personal lives and the social world
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structural functionalist perspective
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society is a system of interconnected parts taht work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole
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manifest functions
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consequences that are intended and commonly recognized
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latent functions
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consequences that are unintended and often hidden
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social pathology
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social problems result form a sickness in society; members of society aren't adequately socialized to adopt its norms and values
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social disorganization
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rapid social change disrupts society
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anomie
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state of normlessness
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conflict perspective
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views society as composed of different groups and interests competing for power and resources
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marxist conflict theories
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social problems result from class inequality inherent in a capitalistic system
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alienation
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powerlessness and meaninglessness in peoples lives
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non marxist conflict theories
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concerned with conflict that arises when groups have opposing values and interests
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symbolic interactionist perspective
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social interation shapes our identity
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labeling theory
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group is viewed as problematic if it is labeled as such
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social constructionism
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individuals who interpret the social world around them socially construct reality
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epidemiological transition
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low life expectancy and predominance of parasitic and infectious diseases shift to high life expectancy and predominance of chronic and degenerative diseases
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revolving door
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practice of employees cycling between roles in an industry and roles of government that influence that industry
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medicaliztion
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defining or labeling behaviors and conditions as medical problems
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stigma
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discrediting label that affects and individuals self concept and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance
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mental health
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successful performance of mental function
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globalization
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growing economic, political, and social interconnectedness among societies throughout the world
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positive effects of globalization
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communications technology enhances the capacity to monitor disease, create guidelines for treatment, and shared medical knowledge
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negative effects of globalization
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ease of travel facilitates spread of disease
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managed care
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any medical insurance plan that controls costs through monitoring and controlling the decisions of health care providers
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medicaid
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provides health coverage for the poor
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workers compensation
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insurance program that provides medical and living expenses for people with work related injuries or illnesses
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deinstitutionaliztion
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a focus on reducing costly and neglectful institutional care and on providing more humane services in the community
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selective primary health care
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focuses on interventions that target specific health problems
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comprehensive primary health care
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focuses on broader social determinants of health
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fighting obesity
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restrictions on advertisement, public education, school nutrition and physical activity programs, interventions to treat obesity
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parity
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legislation that requires health insurance plans to treat mental illness and physical illness equally
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single payer health care
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expand medicare to every resident
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health
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a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being
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drug
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any substance other that food that alters the structure or functioning of a living organism when it enters the bloodstream
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drug abuse
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occurs when acceptable social standards of drug use are violated resulting in adverse affects
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chemical dependency
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condition in which drug use is compulsive
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club drugs
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lsd and ecstacy
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therapeutic communities
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house 35 to 500 people for up to 15 months; participants abstain from drugs, develop skills, and receive counseling
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harm reduction
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focuses on minimizing the costs of drug use for both user and society
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demand reduction
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entails reducing the demand for drugs through treatment and prevention
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supply reduction
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relies on international efforts, interdiction, and domestic law enforcement to reduce the supply of illegal drugs
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deregulation
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reduction of government control over certain drugs
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transnational crime
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organized criminal activity across one or more national borders
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most common crime
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theft
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crime rates
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number of crimes committed per 100,000 population
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clearance rates
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measure the percentage of cases in which an arrest and official charge were made and case goes to courts
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structural functionalist perspective
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deviant behavior strengthens group cohesion
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strain theory
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structure of society limits legitimate means of acquiring culturally defined goals, resulting strain leads to crime
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innovation
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individuals accept goals of society but rejects or lacks socially legitimate means of achieving them
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ritualism
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individuals accept lifestyle of hard work but reject cultural goal of monetary rewards
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retreatism
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rejecting both the cultural goal of succcess and socially legitimate means of achieving it
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rebellion
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individuals reject both culturally defined and means and substitute new goals and means
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conflict perspective
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deviance is inevitable whenever two groups have differing degrees of power. greater inequality means greater crime
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symbolic interactionist perspective
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labeling theory
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labeling theory
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primary deviance secondary deviance
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primary deviance
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deviant behavior is committed before person is labeled
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secondary deviance
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deviance that results from being labeled
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index offenses
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street crimes
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vice crime
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crimes against morality
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white collar crime
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occupational crime, corporate crime, corporate violence
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occupational crime
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individuals commit crimes in the course of their employment
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corporate crime
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corporations violate law in interest of maximizing profit
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corporate violence
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referes to the production of unsafe products and failure to provide a safe working environment
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juvenile delinquency
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status offense, delinquent offense
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status offense
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violation that can be committed only by a juvenile such as running away
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delinquent offense
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offense that would be a crime if committed by an adult
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feminist criminology
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focuses on how the subordinate position of women in society affect their criminal behavior and victimization
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deterrence
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use of harm or threat to prevent unwanted behaviors
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recidivism
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return to criminal behavior by former inmate
