Sociology 101 Final Study Guide – Flashcards
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GROUPS VS. ORGANIZATIONS
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Groups: 2+ people who interact with each other Types of groups: Primary group: tightly intregration group -- very personal and long term Secondary group: large and impersonal -- often short term- specific goal or activity -Most groups have both primary and secondary characteristics Formal Organizations: Large secondary groups organized around achieving goals effeciently Types of organizations: Utilitarian: people paid for doing a job Normative: voluntary associations -- want to do something for a moral reason Coercive: no choice -- punishment or treatment
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Types of leadership
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Group leadership roles: Instrumental Expressive Group leadership styles: Authoritarian - a leader/authority figure Democratic - equal power Laissez-faire- leaders allow group members to make the decisions
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Stanley Milgrim experiment
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- Studied how punishment affects learning - Test subject assigned the role of teacher and were told they were giving electric shocks - People followed both authority figures and ordinary people
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Networks
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Web of people with weak ties who only interact to benefit their social capital.
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Bureaucracy
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Organizational model rationally design to complete tasks efficiently - 6 key elements (Weber) (DMV) Specialization Hierarchy of positions Rules and regulations Technical competence Impersonality Formal, written communications
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Crime vs. Deviance; Defining deviance
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Deviance: recognized violation of norms (not necessarily criminal) Crime: violation of laws
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Social control
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Society's attempts to control our thoughts and behavior
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Criminal Justice System
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Organizations that respond to claims of law violations
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Durkheim and deviance
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Viewed deviance as normal and necessary because: - It affirms cultural values and norms - Responses to deviance distinguish where moral boundaries are - Responses to deviance bring people together - Deviance encourages social change
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Merton's strain theory
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Strain theory: Social structures may encourage deviance; type of deviance depends on whether society provides means to achieve certain goals
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Goffman and stigma
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Stigma: Negative label that alters a person's self-concept and social identity
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Types of crime
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White collar: crime committed by high-status people in their corporations Corporate: crime committed by a corporation or people acting on its behalf Organized: businiess that supplies illegal goods/services
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Punishment
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Retribution: moral vengeance; making offender suffer as victim did - Society as moral balance Deterrence: attempt to discourage future criminal acts Rehabilitation: way to reform offender Social protection: making someone unable to commit another crime
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Income vs Wealth
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Income: earnings from work or investment Wealth- total value of one's assets (income and otherwise)
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Debunking US as a "middle-class society"
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Occupational prestige
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Privledges categories of people
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Factors affecting social position
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How much you make and what kind of job you have
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Conspicous consumption
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people's desire to provide visible evidence of their abiltiy to afford luxury goods
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American Dream
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SIll lots of support for it Young adults remain home more often More jobs offer little income
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Types of social mobility
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IntrageneraIonal social mobility - Change in social position that occurs during someone's lifetime IntergeneraIonal social mobility- Social mobility in relation to one's parents Horizontal social mobility- Changing jobs at the same level
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Poverty
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RelaIve poverty: lack of resources of some people compared to those who have more Absolute poverty: life‐threatening lack of resources
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GENDER VS SEX
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Sex: biological distinction between males and females Gender: personal traits and social positions that are attached to being female or male
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Patriarchy and matriarchy
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Matriarchy: social organization in which females dominate males Patriarchy: social organization in which males dominate females
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Gender Roles
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Gender roles: attitudes and behaviors people consider appropriate for members of each sex
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Beauty myth
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Encourages women to measure their worth in terms of physical appearance.
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Glass ceiling vs glass escalator
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glass ceiling refers to an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder, while the glass escalator is the promotional ride men take to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs.
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Gender discrimination
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refers to unequal treatment on the basis of gender identity
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Intersectionality/intersection theory
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Intersection theory: analysis of the interplay of race, class, and gender Multiple dimensions of disadvantage
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Sexual harassment
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Comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome Most, but not all, victims are women
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Feminism
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Support for social equality for women and men
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Race and ethnicity
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Race: socially constructed category of people who share certain traits deemed important in society Ethnicity: shared cultural heritage
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Prejudice
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Prejudice: rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people Can be positive or negative
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Stereotypes
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generalization about an entire category of people
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Racism
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Racism: form of prejudice Belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
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Discrimination
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Unequal treatment of various categories of people. About action where as prejudice is about thinking
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Vicious circle of prejudice and discrimination
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"Vicious circle": prejudice and discrimination reinforce each other
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De jure vs. de facto segregation
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De jure Segregation: Segregation imposed by law. & De facto Segregation: Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.
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Economy
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social ininsitution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
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Global economy
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economic activity that crosses national borders
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Service work
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those whose work involves providing a service to either businesses or individual clients, customers, or consumers rather than manufacturing goods
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Labor Union
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A group of workers who band together to seek better working conditions
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Corporations
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organization with a legal existence separate from that of its members
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Politics and government
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Politics: social institution that distributes power, sets a society's goals, and makes decisions Government: formal organization that directs political life of a society
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Power
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authority that people percieve as legitimate
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Types of authority (Weber)
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Traditional (Blood line) Power legitimized by respect for long established cultural patterns Ration-legal/bureaucratic (Modern) Power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations Charismatic Power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience - personality
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Types of political systems
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Democracy: Political system that gives power to the people as a whole (US is representive democracy) Authoritarian: Political system that denies the people par4cipa4on in government Tolitarian: Highly centralized political system that extensively regulates people's lives (North Korea, Nazi Germany)
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Economic issues and social issues
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Economic issues - economic inequality Liberal- larger welfare, more government Conservative- limit government, rely on market Social issues- Liberal- equal rights, opportunities Conservative- traditional gender roles
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Voter apathy
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the lack of interest among the citizenry in participating in elections
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Revolution
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Revolution: change in type of system
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Terrorism
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the use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal
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Education and Schooling
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Education: social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values Schooling: formal instruction under the direction of trained teachers
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School tracking
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Assigning students to different types of educational programs Disadvantaged students typically end up in lower tracks
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Cultural capital
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the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society
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Functions of schooling
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Socialization Cultural innovation Social integration- Diversify population Social placement Latent functions- Child care, removes people from job market
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Inequality in schools
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Differences in funding - unequal resources Money and cultural captial help student expenentially
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Community colleges
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low cost places college courses and degrees within reach of millions of families.place a special importance to minorities. attract students from around the world, and most important faculty is teaching
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Connections between society and health
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Cultural paterns define health Cultural standards of health change over time Society's technology affects health Social inequality affects health
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Social epidemiology
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the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population
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Gender, race, social class, and health
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Women better health than men 81% excellent or "good" health for families earning 100k or more. 51% for families earning <30k
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Socialized medicine
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medical care system in which government owns and operates most medical faciliNes and employs most physicians
