Sociology 10 Chapters 6-10 quizzes – Flashcards
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Comparative research indicates that
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although sex has a biological foundation, sexual practices vary from place to place as an element of the culture.
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One cultural universal is the incest taboo, which is a norm forbidding
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sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives.
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About what share of the states in this country have laws that permit marriage or some type of marriage between first cousins?
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around half of the states
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Thinking about sexual patterns among U.S. adults, which of the following statements is correct?
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The frequency of sexual activity varies widely in the U.S. population.
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Which of the following concepts refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person?
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sexual orientation
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Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called
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homosexuality
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Sexual attraction to people of both sexes is called
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bisexuality
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Sarah feels little or no sexual attraction to people of either sex. Her sexual orientation is called
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asexuality
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The majority of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is rooted in
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human biology, although social experience plays some role.
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The concept "homophobia" refers to
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fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
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If you were teaching a class about the symbolic-interaction approach to sexuality, on which of the following topics would you likely focus?
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how individuals in various settings engage in different sexual behavior and attach different meanings to sexual activity.
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Which theoretical approach points to the ways in which sexuality is linked to social inequality?
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the social-conflict approach
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From a global perspective, prostitution is MOST common in
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poor nations, where women have fewer economic opportunities.
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Which of the following statements about rape is NOT true?
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In most cases of rape, the victim does not know the attacker.
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Which theoretical approach rests on the idea that society needs to regulate human sexuality?
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the structural-functional approach
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The more global view of sexuality
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the more variety we see in the meanings people attach to sexuality
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The existence of the Muxes in Mexico shows that there can be more than two gender categories.
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True
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Teenage pregnancy raises the risk of girls not finishing school and becoming poor.
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True
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The U.S. rate of teenage pregnancy was actually higher in the 1950's than it is today.
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True
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Heterosexism refers to rejecting or stigmatizing anyone who is not heterosexual.
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True
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The structural-functional approach highlights patterns of inequality that are linked to sexuality.
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False
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Which of the following concepts refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms"?
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deviance
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"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime
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refers to a violation of norms enacted into law.
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What concept refers to the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?
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the criminal justice system
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Read the four statements below. Which comes closest to the correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes?
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Biological factors may affect behavior, but research puts greater emphasis on social influences
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In Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, which of the following concepts refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them?
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innovation
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According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on
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differences in power between various categories of people.
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Which of the following concepts refers to crime committed by persons of high social position during the course of their occupations?
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white-collar crime
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Which of the following refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on behalf of a corporation?
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corporate crime
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Organized crime refers to
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any business that supplies illegal goods or services.
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A hate crime is defined as
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a criminal act motivated by racial or other types of prejudice.
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Which of the following statements is correct?
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Women commit far fewer crimes than men.
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In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components?
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the act and criminal intent
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"Crimes against the person" includes all of the following EXCEPT
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burglary
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Mike reports the theft of his dirt bike from the front yard of his house. The police would record this as which of the following types of crime?
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larceny-theft
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Criminal statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect
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offenses known to the police
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Men, who represent about half the U.S. population, account for about _____ of all arrests for property crime
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62 percent
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Every society tries to regulate the behavior of individuals; this general process is called
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social control.
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In the United States, men account for about _____ of all arrests for violent crime.
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about 80 percent
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The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply
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during the late teenage years.
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The concept of due process refers to
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the criminal justice system operating within the bounds of the law.
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Most criminal cases handled by the criminal justice system in the United States are resolved
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through plea bargaining.
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A judge sentences a young man who has committed several crimes to counseling and places him in a supportive foster home. Which of the following concepts describes these efforts to prevent further wrongdoing?
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rehabilitation
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The concept criminal recidivism refers to
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young people growing up in a criminal environment
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Which of the following are advantages of community-based corrections?
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All of the above are correct
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In the United States, even though the crime rate has gone down in recent years, the number of people in prison has gone up.
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True
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A caste system is defined as
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social stratification based on ascription, or birth
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If you lived in a society with a traditional caste system, you would expect your marriage to be
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endogamous
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Japan, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe are all classified as
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high-income countries
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One good indication that caste still operates in the United Kingdom is the importance people attach to
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accent in speech
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Social stratification is a concept that refers to
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ranking categories of people in a hierarchy
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The concept of structural social mobility refers to
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change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself.
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The concept "meritocracy" refers to social stratification
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based entirely on personal merit.
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The point of the story about passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of the ocean liner Titanic is that
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social stratification is important and can sometimes be a matter of life and death.
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Which of the following concepts refers to change in social position during a person's lifetime?
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intragenerational social mobility
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Which of the following concepts refers to the historical practice in England of passing on property to only the first-born male descendant?
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the law of primogeniture
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Work involving mostly mental activity is called
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white-collar work
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Absolute poverty is
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life threatening
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According to Immanuel Wallerstein's theory of global capitalism, which nations are at the "core" of the world economy?
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high-income nations
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According to dependency theory, poor countries have become dependent on rich nations because
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they sell raw materials to rich nations
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Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by
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explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries.
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If you wanted to visit the world's low-income nations, where would you travel?
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Africa and Asia
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In 2011, how many nations were there in the world?
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195
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In middle-income nations, average personal income is in the range of
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$2,500 and $12,000
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In past centuries, European nations colonized countries in
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All of these are correct
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Modernization theory claims that
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the main causes of poverty involve culture and technology.
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The concept of "colonialism" refers to the process by which
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some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others
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The concept of "neocolonialism" refers to the process by which
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multinational corporations exploit the economy of a poor country
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Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts?
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debt bondage
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Which type of slavery refers to one person owning another?
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chattel slavery
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"Las Colonias" refers to settlements
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All of these are correct.
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Gender affects the opportunities and constraints each of us encounter throughout our lives.
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True
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On average, males are both taller and heavier than females
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True
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In the United States, on average, males live longer than females
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False
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Sexism is the assertion that one sex is innately superior to the other
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True
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Most sociological research suggests that gender is socially constructed and is therefore subject to change
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True
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In the United States, administrative support jobs and service jobs have a high concentration of women
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True
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Corporate women still encounter a "glass ceiling" that often prevents them from being promoted to high levels in the company.
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True
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In the United States, women gained the right to vote in 1820
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False
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In 2011, women were a majority of people elected to Congress
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False
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In general, western states have a higher percentage of legislators who are women than southern states.
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True
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The concept of gender refers to
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The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male.
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Comparing the performances of female and male athletes over time shows
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women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances.
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The point of describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzim is to show that
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cultures define gender in different ways.
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Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that
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traits that are defined as feminine in one society may be masculine in another
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Which of the following concepts refers to social organization in which males dominate females?
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patriarchy
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Based on the map and discussion in the text, in which of the following regions do women have the lowest social standing?
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Africa
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Which concept refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?
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gender roles
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The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to
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the barrier that prevents women from being promoted.
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Overall in the US, in which of the following job categories are the workers mostly women?
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elementary school teachers
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Which of the following is an important exception to male domination of the U.S. workplace?
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Women now own more than 10 million entrepreneurial businesses.
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The concept of "comparable worth" means that
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people should be paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work
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Which factor accounts for the GREATEST share of the difference in the earnings of working women and men in the United States?
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the type of work men and women do
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In 2011, women held about what share of seats in Congress?
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17 percent
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In which of the following nations does the political power of women come closest to that of men?
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Norway
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Most cases of female genital mutilation occur in
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Africa.
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