Social Studies Set 1 " Egypt Terms" – Flashcards

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Silt
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Fertile Soil from floods
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Black Land
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The call the river valley the Black Land because soil is fertile and black
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Red Land
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The desert all around is called the Red Land
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Delta
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The end of the river where it branches out and despenses in an ocean or sea.
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Great Green
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The North and East lies the sea to- the Egyptians call it the Great Green. What egyptains call the Meditteranean Sea.
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Papyrus
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A long, thin reed that grew wild along the river banks paper-like writing material. used for making paper, baskets, sandals, boats
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Cataract
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A part of the Nile River where the water is forced through a narrow channel.
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Red Crown
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A crown that was worn by the king of Lower Egypt- a short boxy red crown with a tall spike at the back and a curlicue at the front
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White Crown
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A crown that was worn by the king of Upper Egypt- a tall, white, pear shaped crown
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Double Crown
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A crown that stood for the union of two lands
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Embalming
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The process of treating the body to protect it from decaying-took 70 days and preserved the body by using natron salt
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Mummy
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a body after the embalming
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Canopic Jars
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The jars which held the internal organs
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Afterlife
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The life which the Egyptians believed existed after death.
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Old Kingdom
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tbd
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Middle Kingdom
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tbd
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New Kingdom
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tbd
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Deity
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Another word for a god.
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Isis
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the wife of Osiris
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Osiris
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God of the dead
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Horus
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God of the "red land" son of Isis and Osiris killed his uncle set-lost his left eye in battle with set
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Ra (Re)
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The Egyptian god of the sun.
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Hapi
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The Egyptian god of the Nile.
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Cartouche
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the name of a pharaoh that will have a closed circle around it
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Ba
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the bird soul that traveled to the family
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Ka
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the twin of the person who traveled to the Field of Reeds
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Khufu (Cheops)
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The ruler of egypt that the great pyramid at Giza was built for
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Zoser (Djoser)
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The Pharaoh the first pyramid (The Step Pyramid) was built for by Imhotep
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Tut
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The boy king whose tomb was more famous than he was because it was fully intact when found.
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Imhotep
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The architect who created the step pyramid.
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Ptomely V
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The Pharaoh written on the Rosetta Stone
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Hatshepsut
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One of the only female pharaoh's in the New Kingdom. She was often addressed as king and seen in public with a tuft on her chin. She concentrated on improving the life of Egyptians instead of conquering other countries.
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Tuthmosis 3
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A pharaoh that ruled right after Hatshepsut and hated her.
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Ammit the Devourer
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The god who would eat you if your heart weighed more than the feather of truth or Ma'at.
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Dynasty
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a series of rulers from the same family
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Ibu
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A special shelter where the body is washed and purified
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Book of the Dead
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tbd
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rosetta stone
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A huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing.
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social hierarchy pyramid
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how society is divided into different classes of people; the people at the top of pyramid have more power than the people at the bottom of the pyramid
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hieroglyphics
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An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
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pyramids
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A massive structure with a square base and four triangular sides that meet at a point. In the Old Kingdom, were used as tombs for the pharaohs.
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King Tut
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A young king whose tomb was filled with jewelry, robes, burial masks, and ivory statues. These findings have helped people learn about Egypt's past, Known as the boy king because he ruled for 9 years and died before his 20th birthday
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Sphinx
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A monster with the face of a woman, the body of a lion, and the wings of a bird. She posed a riddle to the citizens of Thebes and devoured the young men who could not answer it. The riddle usually given is, "What walks on four legs in the morning, on two at midday, and on three in the evening?" In Egypt it is usually seen as a huge statue with the body of a lion and a head of a man, representing the sun god Ra.
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King Menes
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Egyptian Pharaoh who united Lower Egypt (north of the Nile delta) with Upper Egypt (from Nile to first cataract as Aswan): 3100 BCE. He also established the first of many dynasties which ruled for nearly 3000 years.
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dynasty
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A sequence of powerful leaders in the same family.
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embalming
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process developed by the ancient Egyptians of preserving a person's body after death
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mummy
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A body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances, often in the belief that the deceased will need it again in the afterlife. In ancient Egypt the bodies of people who could afford mummification underwent a complex process of removing organs, filling body cavities, dehydrating the corpse with natron, and then wrapping the body with linen bandages and enclosing it in a wooden sarcophagus.
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canopic jars
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Jars in which the ancient Egyptians preserved the internal organs of a deceased person usually for burial with the mummy.
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sarcophagus
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a stone coffin (usually bearing sculpture or inscriptions)
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delta
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A landform made of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake
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Upper Egypt
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Ancient kingdom of southern Egypt; in the mountains and it is the source of the Nile;, fertile strip with an average width of around 6 miles
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Lower Egypt
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The northern region of ancient Egypt, named so because it was located downriver with the Nile's flow.
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wheat and barley
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Two most important crops grown in ancient Egypt.
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Nile River
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The world's longest river, which flows northward through East Africa into the Mediterranean Sea, "Egypt has often been called the 'Gift of the Nile' because outside the valley of that great river the country is a desert. An immense, flowing ribbon of water, the Nile spans the length of the country from south to north, branching finally into an extraordinary delta as it approaches the Mediterranean. The river provides natural irrigation along its banks and invites further man-made irrigation to extend its waters to the east and west" (Spodak 65). The Nile river is a river surrounded by a fertile valley fed by the rivers silt. The valley provided a place for one of the first civilizations to be developed, with its heart at the Nile delta. Agriculture was developed along this river due to the extremely fertile conditions and lack of food in the barren deserts outside of the valley, which led to the creation of cities. Today, there are few populated areas in Egypt outside of the Nile Valley.
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cataracts
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Cataracts- areas where the water was too swift and rocky to allow boats to pass, which protected Egypt from invasion along the Nile River
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nobility
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A small social class of elite people and families who perform political, military, and administrative duties for a ruler or king. This class had immense power and social influence over the other classes.
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pharaoh
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A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.
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Old Kingdom
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(2575 BCE - 2134 BCE) Period in ancient Egyptian history characterized by the building of the Great Pyramids at Giza.
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Khufu
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(ruled 2500s BC) Egyptian pharaoh, he ruled during Egypt's Old Kingdom and is known for the many monuments built to honor him.
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afterlife
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After death the heart is weighed to the feather of truth and if it balances out then they go to afterlife. If it is heavier (with guilt) it is summoned to nothing!
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elite
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People of wealth and power
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engineering
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Application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines.
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Middle Kingdom
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2050 BC. - 1800 BC.: A new dynasty reunited Egypt. Moved the capital to Thebes. Built irrigation projects and canal between NIle and Red Sea so Egytian ships could trade along coasts of Arabian Penninsula and East Africa. Expanded Egyptian territory:Nubia, Syria.
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New Kingdom
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(1550 BCE - 1100 BCE) Period in ancient Egyptian history characterized by strong pharaohs who conquered an empire that stretched from Nubia in the south, to the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia.
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trade routes
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Waterways, paths, and trails that traders used to move goods for exchange from one place to another.
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Queen Hatshepsut
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ruler who increased egyptian trade. she sent traders to the kingdom of punt and traded with people in asia minor and greece.
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Ramses the Great
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Egyptian Pharaoh he expanded the kingdom and built lasting temples at Karnak, Luxor, and Abu Simbel. He is often considered one of Egypt's greatest rulers.
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papyrus
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A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.
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obelisk
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A 4 sided stone structure with a pyramid on the top and hieroglyphics on the sides
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silt
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mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks
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delta
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fertile flat land made of silt left behind as a river drains into a larger body of water.
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irrigation
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watering of land by means of canals and pipes
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about how long is the Nile?
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over 4,000 miles long
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What are some of the foods farmers planted?
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wheat, barley, cucumbers, lettuce, onions, and beans. Also a plant called flax, to make cloth
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unification
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joining of separate parts into one
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economy
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the way its people manage money and recources for the production of goods and services
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scribe
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made records, contracts, and kept tract of daily life big or small
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papyrus
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a reed plant that makes paper
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Menes
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king of upper egypt, took over lower egypt in 3100B.C
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Khufu
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egyptian pharaoh who built the great pyrmids
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Memphis
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capital city located in between upper and lower egypt. near present day Cairo
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Thebes
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an anent city in upper egypt that became the capital of the new kingdom
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empire
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group of lands and people by one government
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expedition
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group of people who go on a trip for a set reason
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Ahmose
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new kingdom pharoah who drove Hyksos out of egypt and reunited egypt
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Hatshepsut
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one of the few egyptian pharaohs; organized a trade expedition to Punt
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Tutankhamun
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Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from about the ages of 7-17;tomb remained nearly untouched until its discovery in 1922
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Nubia
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An ancient kingdom south of egypt
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Kush
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An ancient kingdom in northeastern Africa conquered by Egypt. It later regained independence and flourished through trade between 500b.c and 150a.d
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Valley of the Kings
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west of Thebes in ancient egypt, the burial place of 30 new kingdom pharaohs
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how did egypt become an empire?
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when it conquered Nubia, Syria, and Lebanon
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social pyramid
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A diagram illustrating the divisions between a culture; usually showing the most powerful person or group at the top and the least powerful at the bottom
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what is the order of the social pyramid?
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Pharaoh, Gov. Officials, Soldiers, Scribes, Merchants, Artisans, Farmers, Slaves
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What are the flood months?
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July-October
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shadouf
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a bucket lifter
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how long did the old kingdom last?
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2,686B.C-2,181B.C
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rosseta stone
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the key to hieroglyphics. Three languages: hieroglyphics, late Egyptian demotic, and Greek
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Who found the rosetta stone?
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in 1799 a french soldier was digging in the Nile delta and found the rosetta stone
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How long did the Middle Kingdom last?
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2100 to 700B.C
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Ancient Egypt began with farming communities along the Nile River.
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Menes united all the Egyptian cities in 3100 BC
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Egypt grew as rulers such as Hatshepsut led trading expeditions to other regions
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Goods produced in Thebes were traded across the Egyptian empire
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Great stone monuments such as the pyramids were built for Egypt's powerful rulers
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The ebb and flow of the Nile River made agricultural development possible, which in turn made the development of Egyptian civilization possible
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S1 main idea
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Describe how floods enriched and fertilized Egypt's land
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Mineral-rich silt deposits and irrigration technology made farming in ancient Egypt very productive
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Explain how Egyptians interacted with the Nile to develop a rich agriculture
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Famers' understanding of the yearly Nile floods made community life in Egypt possible
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The Nile is the world's longest river; it is more than 4000 miles long
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People used boats to get from place to place along the Nile
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Land of Pharoahs (3100BC - 2000BC): Egyptian civilization grew out of the unification of the Nile communities and the Pharoahs central role
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S2 main idea
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Explain how Egypt was united
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Menes united the kingdoms of upper and lower Egypt to form the largest government in the world at the time
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Describe the pharaoh's central role in Egyptian development and life
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The pharaoh was central to Egypt's government, economy and religtion
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Describe hieroglyphics, the Egyptian system of writing
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The writing system of Egypt, called hieroglyphics, provided a way for government workers to communicate over long distances
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Analyze the Egyptian economy
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Ordinary people worked to build huge government building projects like the Great Pyramid. This strained both Egypt's economy and people.
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Ancient Egyptian Civilization (2100 BC to 1300 BC): During the MIddle and New Kingdoms, Egyptian civilization flourished as it met other cultures
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S3 main idea
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Analyze how Egypt's cultural horizons were broadened by both trade and war
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Trade and war helped to link Egypt with its neighbors in the Sahara, Nubia, western Asia, and the Mediterranean; Egypt became an empire when it conquered Nubia, Syria, and Lebanon. These new lands gave Egypt a wealth of new resources upon which to draw.
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Describe how the pharaoh Hatshepsut expanded Egypt's trade
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Pharaoh Hatshepsut expanded trade to a region of Eastern Africa called Punt.
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Identify major achievements of the Middle and New Kingdoms
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The Egyptians knowledge of medicine, math, and science became famous among their neighbors. Hyksos skills in metalworking became part of life in Egypt.
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What was the significance of King Tut's tomb?
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The discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922 yielded hundreds of New Kingdom artifacts
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Daily Life in Ancient Egypt (1550BC-1100BC): Egyptian civilization rested on the labor of stable, well-trained working groups who kept the economy productive.
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S4 main idea
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Analyze the makeup of the social pyramid that was ancient Egypt.
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While Egypt became a mighty empire, ordinary people continued to work in much the same ways as they had for thousands of years.
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Explain the role of slavery there.
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Enslaved Syrians and Nubians became key workers in Egypt's empire. They worked alongside farmers and craftworkers to produce needed crops and goods.
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Describe the work and home life of ordinary ancient Egyptians.
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Most farmers worked on large farms owned by powerful families; Most people in Egypt's towns and cities lived in crowded neighborhoods and crafted goods for a living.
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Around 1100BC united Egypt collapsed. The fall of the New Kingdom ended one of the richest civilizations in history.
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Lower Egypt
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Area of Egypt closer to the delta, lower elevation, left side
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Upper Egypt
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Lay farther south, away from the Mediterranean Sea.
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Divisions of Ancient Egypt
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Pre-dynastic, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom & New Kingdom
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Narmer
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King of Upper Egypt about 3000 BC. Conquered lower Egypt and set up first government that ruled all Egypt. Built captial at Memphis. First Egyptian dynasty.
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Palette of Narmer
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Hierakonpolis, Predynastic, slate. ca. 3000-2920BCE. commemorates the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. Narmer, the largest figure, effortlessly defeats a foe on one side, and on the other surveys the beheaded enemy. Palette in the shape of an object used to prepare eye makeup, to protect from the glare of the sun.
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Pictogram
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drawing used to represent a word
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Phonogram
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any written symbol standing for a sound or syllable or morpheme or word
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Hieroglyphics
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an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
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Hathor
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in Egyptian religion - the cow or the lovely lady- She represents dancing, music, joy, and love. She was shown as a cow to represent motherly love.
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Horus or Ra
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Egyptian falcon-headed solar god. He was the son of Isis and Osiris, shown with the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. The pharaohs were thought to represent Horus on earth.
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Osiris
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Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead
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Ankh
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the Egyptian symbol of life; a cross with a loop at the top
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Canon of Proportions
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The ratio between a figure's height and all of its component parts. The Egyptian canon was an 18 unit grid based on the width of the fist.
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Mastaba
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an ancient Egyptian mudbrick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof
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Stepped Pyramid of Djoser
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[Old Kingdom, Saqqara] (2630-2611) Built by Imhotep first known artist in history. Consists of six unequal solid mastabas one on top of the other with burial chamber below ground.
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Serdab
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A small concealed chamber in Egyptian mastaba for the statue of the deceased for the Ka to find
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Column
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(architeture) a tall cylindrical vertical upright pillar with three sections; a base, a pillar and top called a capital and used to support weight, usually a roof.
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Great Pyramids of Gizeh
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Fourth Dynasty, c. 2575-2450 BCE, Granite and limestone funerary complex.
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Ka Statue of Khafre
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Gizeh, Egypt. 4th dynasty, ca. 2500 BCE, diorite. Depicts Khafre as an enthroned divine ruler with a perfect body. Rigidity of the pose creates the effect of an eternal stillness, appropriate for the timeless afterlife., 2700-2544 BCE- Old Kingdom-Egyptian
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Ka
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an Egyptian concept referring to one's life force
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Great Sphinx
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The Great Sphinx of Gizeh (Arabic: "The Father of Fear") is a half-human, half-lion Sphinx statue in Egypt, on the Giza Plateau at the west bank of the Nile River, near modern-day Cairo.
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Menkaure and His Wife
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Gizeh, Egypt. 4th dynasty. ca. 2490-2470 BCE. Frozen gestures indicate marriage, and the wife's holding onto Menkaure indicates submission, with Menkaure's left foot forward indicating dominance and action.
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Seated Scribe
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Saqqara, 5th dynasty, ca. 2450-2350 BCE. painted limestone. The color adds a lifelike quality, and the sculptor conveyed the personality of a sharply intelligent and alert individual seldom achieved at this early date.
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Rock Cut Tombs, Beni Hasan
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[Middle Kingdom] (1950-1900 BCE) • Cliff walls hollowed out to reveal small burial chambers • Reserve columns cut away from the interior chamber to create the look of conventional columns • Columns are not round but fluted • Façade shows shallow columned porch
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Senwosret III
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Dynamic king & successful general from the 12th dynasty. Portrait fragment seems to reflect something of his personality and inner thoughts.
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Egyptian Faience
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Egyptians made vessels using faience (sand w/clay naturally existing in it). This sand mixture could be fired—capillary action brings color (from glassy glazing mixture) to surface. Can be molded precisely but can't be turned on wheel because the faience doesn't have enough plasticity. Blue is most clear when the amount of clay is limited
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Hippopotamus from tomb of Senbi
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Meir, Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1938-1755 BCE, Faience
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Hypostyle Hall
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a hall with a roof supported by columns
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Pylon
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The wide entrance gateway of an Egyptian temple, characterized by its sloping walls.
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Karnak
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Great temple of Amen at Thebes, the largest complex of religious buildings in the World
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Luxor
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temple complex in upper Egypt in Thebes where kings were buried or celebrated. lots of temples and ceremonial things. Located next to valley of the kings.
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Amun
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god of air and wind, fertility god, creator of all things, a bearded man or ram headed, believed to be the physical father of all pharoahs
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Mut
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Mother Goddess, Mother of Pharaohs, wife of Amun
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Pylon of Ramesses II
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New Kingdom. From the Temple of Amun, Mut and Khonsu, Luxor, 19th Dynasty. 1279-1212 BCE
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Hatshepsut
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New Kingdom Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66)
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Funerary temple of Hatshepsut
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Deir el-Bahri, 18th dynasty, New Kingdom
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Senenmut
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Egyptian architect of Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut., Hatshepsut's steward, advisor and possible lover. Tutor of Hatshepsut's daugther, Nefrua.
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Amarna Period
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New Kingdom. Capital was in Amarna and Akhenaton was king - changed worship to single god - Aten. Artistic style was realistic and showed sloping fore-heads and pot-bellies
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Akhenaton
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Formerly named Amenhotep, he was a pharaoh who changed Egyptian religion to revolve around the sun god, and moved the capital.
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Ramesses II
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A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a military standoff. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt.
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Abu Simbel
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Temple built by Ramses the Great that was carved out of sandstone cliffs and at its entrance, four 66-foot-tall statues show Ramses as pharaoh.
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Nefertari
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One of Great Pharaoh Ramesses II's queens, most favored wife, during the Nineteenth Dynasty.
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Nefertiti
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New Kingdom queen of Egypt and wife of Akhenaton (14th century BC)
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Akhenaton, Nefertiti and their children
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New kingdom. Limestone. 1350 BCE.
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Aten
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Represented as the sons disc with rays, Aten was the Lord of the Heaven and Earth. He became the most important god during the reign of Akhenaten.
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Tutankhamun
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Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from age 7 to 17; his tomb was discovered (nearly untouched) in 1922
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Death Mask of Tutankhamun
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-made from gold inlaid with turquoise, camelian, and lapis lazuli -came with scarab from King Tut's tomb -New Kingdom, Egyptian
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Rosetta Stone
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Stone that contained carved messages in hieroglyphics, Greek and demotic. Led to deciphering of hieroglyphics.
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Memphis
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What is at A?
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Thebes (Luxor)
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What is at B?
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Karnak
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What is at C?
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Abydos
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What is at D?
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Temple of Ramessess II
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What is at E?
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Valley of the Kings
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What is at F?
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Valley of the Queens
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What is at G?
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Aswan
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What is at H?
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Red Sea
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What is at K?
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Lower Egypt
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What is at L?
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Upper Egypt
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What is at M?
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Mediterranean Sea
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What is at R?
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Cataracts
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What is at 1,2,3&4?
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El-Amarna
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What is at N?
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Shallow lengths (or white water rapids) of the Nile River
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What are Cataracts?
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What is the afterlife to an ancient Egyptian?
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Paradise! Their main purpose in life was to prepare themselves for the journey to paradise after their death.
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What happened when an Egyptian died?
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Body splits in two. Physical body is mummified and prepared for resting place (tomb/pyramid) Spiritual body (Ka) travels through the underworld towards the afterlife - paradise
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How long did the process of preparing a dead Egyptian take?
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70 days
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How did the Egyptians mummify their dead?
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Empty body Clean body Dry body in Natron Clean body again Wrap in linen bandages Put in coffin Put coffin in tomb
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What's the Book of the Dead?
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Magic spell book to guide Ka (the spiritual body) to paradise
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What is final test to get Ka to paradise?
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'Weighing of the Heart'
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What is the Weighing of the Heart?
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Spiritual heart weighed against Feather of Truth. If lighter - Ka goes to paradise If heavier, Ammit the Devourer - eats the heart, Ka never gets to paradise.
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What is the Spiritual body called?
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Ka
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Where was the Weighing of the heart done?
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'Hall of Two Truths'
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What was Ammit the Devourer?
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Part lion, part crocodile and part hippo.
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What was another name for Ammit the Devourer?
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The Gobbler
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What were the jars called that internal organs were placed in?
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Canopic jars
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What did the Canopic jars represent?
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The sons of Horus
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Which Canopic jar guarded the lungs?
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baboon head (Hapy)
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Which Canopic jar guarded the intestines?
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falcon head (Qebehsenuef)
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Which Canopic jar guarded the stomach?
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jackal head (Duamutef)
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Which Canopic jar guarded the liver?
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human head (Imsety)
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Where did embalming take place?
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In the special embalming shop
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What did the chief embalmer wear?
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A jackal mask to represent Anubis
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What was the first task in embalming
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Remove the soft, moist body parts that would cause decay. Stomach, intestines, liver and lung were removed. Preserved by drying them using natron.
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What is natron
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Chemically similar to table salt. Used to dry the body parts.
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What did Egyptians believe would happen to the body parts?
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They would be magically reunited in the afterlife and the body would become whole again.
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Where were canopic jars normally placed?
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In a chest that was later placed in the tomb with the mummy.
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What was another organ removed from the body (although it didn't get a jar)
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the brain (took it out through the nose with a brain hook)
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What did the Egyptians think of the brain
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Not much - did not realise it's importance - thought it produced snot
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What happened once all the organs were removed from the body?
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Body was washed with wine and rubbed with spices (helped kill bacteria)
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What happened after body had been washed with wine and rubbed with spices?
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Was covered with natron for 40 days.
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After the body had dried in Natron for 40 days what did they do?
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Body cleaned again and rubbed with sacred oils to soften skin.
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After body had been cleaned again and rubbed with sacred oils what did they do?
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Adorned with jewellery, covered in shroud and wrapped with linen strips.
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what was inserted between the layers of the linen?
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small magic amulets to protect the mummy so his Ka could live forever.
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After the body was wrapped what happened?
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It was placed in a sarcophagus made of gold and then a larger one carved from granite. Then placed in tomb/pyramid.
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What was the last ritual?
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The opening of the mouth to enable the Pharaoh to eat and talk in the next life.
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Egypt
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A country located in the continent of Africa.
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Nile River
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The world's longest river, which flows northward through East Africa into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile played an important role in shaping the lives and society of Ancient Egypt. It provided the Ancient Egyptians with food, transportation, water, building materials, and more.
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Ancient Egyptians
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A group of people who lived along the Nile River and the Nile River Delta which are located in the present day country of Egypt.
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pharaoh
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A king of ancient Egypt who was believed to be half man and half god.
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mummification
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The way Egyptians protected or preserved a dead body. They put chemicals on the body and wrapped it in cloth. Finally, they covered the wrapped body in a mixture like tar.
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tomb
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A place or building where the dead are buried.
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pyramids
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A stone building with four sides that are shaped like triangles. The Egyptians used pyramids as tombs.
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papyrus
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A kind of paper made by the Ancient Egyptians from plants growing along the Nile.
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hieroglyphics
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A type of picture writing that was the writing system used by the ancient Egyptians.
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Queen Hatshepsut
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An Egyptian queen who was the first female pharaoh. She worked to increase trade with places outside of Egypt and ordered many impressive monuments and temples built during her reign.
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King Tutankhamen
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An Egyptian pharaoh who died while still a young king. The discovery of his tomb in 1922 has taught archaeologists much about Egyptian culture.
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Nile River Valley
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An ancient civilization region where the Egyptians lived. Ancient Egypt was divided into two regions, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. This looks a bit confusing on a map because Upper Egypt is to the south and Lower Egypt is to the north.
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Ramses II
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greatest of New Kingdom pharaohs - reigned for 66 years
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savannas
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grasslands south of Egypt
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Memphis
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Old kingdom capital
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Hyksos
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Westerm Asia people who conquered Egypt
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Cataracts
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Wild Rapids formed by boulders nd narrow cliffs within the Nile River
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Thebes
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Middle Kingdomm capital
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Khufu
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built the Grat Pyramid
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Isis
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represented the loyal wife and mother
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Hathepsut
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female pharaoh who concentrated on trade, building Egypt's economy
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papyrus
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reed plant used to make paper
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The pharaoh
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believed to be the son of Re, the sun god
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Sahara
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the largest desert in the world
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The Great pyrimid
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Largest building in the world for over 4000 years. One of the seven wonders of the ancient world
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pyramids
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entrance always faced north
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Nile
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longest river
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Hapi
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goddess wo ruled the Nile River
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Lower Egypt
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land around the Nile River delta
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Re
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chief god
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Amenhotep
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tried to bring a new monotheistic religion to Egypt
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Egyptian Imports
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incense, ivory, gold, iron tools, ebony
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Egyptian Exports
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beads, other metal tools,
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rooftops
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where Egyptian families spent time together
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Book of the Dead
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collection of prayers and spells to help obtain the afterlife
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Egyptian Crops
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flax, wheat, and barley
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tribute
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forced payment
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dynasty
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line of rulers from the same family - passes power from father to son
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Narmer/Menes
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united Upper and Lower Egypt
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Nubia
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today known as Sudan
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1 - Herodotus
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- Greek author who traveled throughout the known world - explored Egypt & the Nile in the 400s B.C.
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1 - Upper Egypt
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- area in ancient Egypt in the Nile Valley, south of the river's delta and the 30th northern parallel
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1 - Lower Egypt
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- area in ancient Egypt, in the northern Nile River region
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1 - -cataracts
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- rock-filled rapids; strong flood or rush of water - waterfalls
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1 - delta
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- the place at the mouth of a river where it splits into several streams to form an area shaped like a triangle
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1 - silt
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- rich, fertile soil deposited by the flooding of a river
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2 - pharaoh
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- the title of the kings of ancient Egypt
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2 - regent
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- someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule
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2 - dynasty
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- a series of rulers from the same family
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2 - Hatshepsut
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- stepmother of Thutmose III - ruled Egypt as regent and then as pharaoh - achieved economic success, especially in trade
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2 - Menes
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- founder of the first Egyptian dynasty - unified Upper & Lower Egypt - founded the capital of Memphis
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2 - Thutmose III
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- stepson of Hatshepsut - considered the greatest pharaoh of the New Kingdom of Egypt - reigned for over 50 years - expanded the empire to include Syria & Nubia
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3 - afterlife
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- the next life, in which the dead are believed to live again
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3 - mummy
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- a dead body preserved in lifelike condition
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3 - pyramid
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- a huge building with four sloping outside walls shaped like triangles - in Egypt, they were build as royal tombs
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3 - Giza
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- an ancient city capital of Upper Egypt - site of the Great Pyramids
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3. Black Land & Red Land
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- ancient Egyptians called their land Kemet (the black land), because of the dark soil left by the Nile's floods. - desert land on each side of the Nile was the Red Land
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3. Major Time Periods in Ancient Egypt
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- Old Kingdom: earliest time period of the groups of Egyptian dynasties ( Great Pyramid began, Sphinx built at Giza) - Middle Kingdom: middle time period of the groups of Egyptian dynasties (Egypt expands into Lower Nubia, literature & art flourish, government is strengthened) - New Kingdom: latest time period of the groups of Egyptian dynasties ( Queen Hatshepsut & King Tut rule during this time, Egyptian territory expands)
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4 - hieroglyph
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- a kind of picture writing in which some pictures stand for ideas or things and others stand for sounds
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4 - astronomer
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- a scientist who studies the stars and other objects in the sky
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4 - papyrus
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- an early form of paper made from a reedlike plant found in the marshy areas of the Nile delta
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4 - Jean Francois Champollion
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- French scholar - first to decode Egyptian hieroglyphics
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4 - Rosetta Stone
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- an ancient tablet covered with Egyptian & Greek hieroglyphics - provided a key to deciphering hieroglyphics
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5 - artisan
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- a worker who is especially skilled in making something, such as baskets, leather goods, tools, jewelry, pottery, or clothes
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5 - Taharka
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- prince of Nubia - became king of Nubia & Egypt
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5 - Kerma
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- a market town in present-day Sudan - an ancient Nubian city
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5 - Napata
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- one of the three most powerful Nubian kingdoms - located between the third & fourth cataracts of the Nile River in Upper Nubia
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5 - Meroe
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- a city of ancient Nubia in present-day Sudan - first Africans to specialize in ironworking
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Akhenaton
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- king of ancient Egypt - introduced monotheism - lost much of Egypt's provincial territories
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Ptolemy V
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- king of ancient Egypt - married to Cleopatra - ascension to the throne is recorded on the Rosetta Stone
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Ramses II
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- king of ancient Egypt - reign marked by great splendor & the building of monuments
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Tutankhamen
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- king of ancient Egypt - excavation of his tomb provided new knowledge about Egyptian art & history
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Nile River
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the longest river in the world; the Ancient Egyptians depended upon it for survival
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Giza
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a city of Ancient Egypt; the location of the Great Pyramid
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Delta
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triangular area at the mouth of a river; the Nile had very fertile land in this area
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Hieroglyphics
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Egyptian writing using pictures to represent sounds and language
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Jean Francois Champollion
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French scholar that unlocked the Egyptian code of writing using the Rosetta Stone
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Artisan
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a person especially skilled in a particular craft or trade such as weaving, pottery, jewelry making, leather-working, tool making, etc.
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Upper Egypt
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on a map of Ancient Egypt this would have been located in the south due to elevation
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Lower Egypt
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on a map of Ancient Egypt this would have been located in the north due to elevation
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Rosetta Stone
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Artifact that unlocked the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphics
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Pharaoh
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The title of a king or a queen in Ancient Egypt
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King Tut
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A young king whose tomb was filled with jewelry, robes, burial masks, and ivory statues. These findings have helped people learn about Egypt's past
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Menes
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King of Upper Egypt united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt
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Afterlife
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the next life in which the Egyptians believed the dead would live again
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Weighing of the Heart Ceremony
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The Egyptians believed that when someone died they would be judged in this ceremony; the heart against the feather of truth
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Silt
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Rich fertile soil good for farming; usually deposited by river flooding
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Regent
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Someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule
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Thutmose III
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Stepson of Hatshepsut; considered a great pharaoh of the New Kingdom of Egypt
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Hatshepsut
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the first female pharoah of Egypt; stepmother of Thutmose III
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Astronomy
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branch of science that studies the stars, the moon, the planets, and other celestial bodies
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Sphinx
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Mythological creature thought to have the head of a pharaoh and the body of a lion
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Pyramids
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Huge archaeological structures built as tombs for the pharaohs
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Howard Carter
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He discovered King Tutankhamen's (King Tut) royal tomb, Englishman and Egyptologist who in 1922 discovered and excavated the tomb of Tutankhamen
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Cataract
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rock filled rapids in a river; also can refer to a waterfall in a river
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Scarab
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Sacred insect that the Egyptians believed was connected to the sun-god Ra; believed to help protect the heart of a deceased Egyptian in the afterlife
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Dynasty
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series of rulers from the same family
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Osiris
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God of the afterlife; god of the dead; shown with the crown of upper and lower egypt usually holding a crook and flail in his hands
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Anubis
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God of mummification and/or embalming; shown with the head of a jackal
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Isis
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Goddess of motherhood and fertility; the husband of Osiris
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Ra/Amon-Re
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Sun god; often thought of as the most important Egyptian God
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Silt
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A fertile mixture of tiny bits of soil and rock.
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Delta
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Very fertile, flat land made of silt left behind as a river drains into a larger body of water.
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Irrigation
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The watering of land by means of canals or pipes.
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Unification
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The joining of separate parts into one.
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Pharaoh
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The ruler of Egypt.
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Hieroglyphics
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Ancient Egypt's system of writing made up of picture signs.
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Scribe
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A professional writer who kept records and copied letters and official documents.
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Papyrus
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A reed plant used to make paper.
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Inundation
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Yearly flooding of the Nile River
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Monarchy
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A government ruled by a king or a queen.
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Polytheism
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The belief in many gods.
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Nile River
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the longest river in the world and the reason the ancient Egyptians survived and thrived
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Delta
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a triangular-shaped area where a river fans out and divides as it flows into a larger body of water
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Cataracts
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6 steep rapids on the Nile River
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Black Land
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fertile land on the banks of the Nile River
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Red Land
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barren desert land that protected Egypt on two sides
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Upper Egypt
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the land near the Nile's delta, in the northern part of ancient Egypt
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Lower Egypt
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the land in the Nile River Valley, in the southern part of ancient Egypt
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