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forum

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an open area in a city filled with public buildings, temples, and markets

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The Roman Forum

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the center of Rome's government, religion, and economy

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republic

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a government in which citizens have the right to vote and elect officials, comes from the Latin term "res publica" which means public thing, or public business

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Roman republic

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all free adult male citizens could play a role in the city's government

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Greek influence on Roman culture

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Romans made Greek mythology their own, adopted Greek legends and heroes as their own.

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the Estruscans

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the most powerful people in central Italy, influenced Roman culture

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the Estruscans had an advanced culture because

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they were skilled artists and builders, sailed around the Mediterranean as traders, and learned many things from other peoples such as the Greeks and the Phoenicians

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legion

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the basic unit of the Roman army, mostly infantry

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maniple

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a unit of between 60 to 160 soldiers, could move and fight on their own, great advantage over enemies

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infantry

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foot soldiers

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Roman allies were

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often defeated enemies of Rome that signed treaties to send troops to fight with the Romans, eventually given Roman citizenship and the right to vote

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constitution

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a system of rules by which a government is organized

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Roman constitution

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unwritten, based on tradition and custom

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main idea of Roman government

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separation of powers - power was shared with different people with set roles - made sure no one person could become too powerful

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consuls

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led the state and the military - elected leaders that held equal powers - the top officials in the Roman republic -

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veto

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to stop or cancel the action of a government official or body - Latin for "I forbid"

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magistrates

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elected officials who enforced the law and judged cases, the top magistrates were the two consuls

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tripartite government

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a government with three parts

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the rule of law

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the law applied to everyone

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toga

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a garment that adult men wore wrapped around their bodies - a symbol of Roman citizenship, only citizens could wear it

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Roman tripartite government

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the assemblies, the senate, and the magistrates

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the Senate

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wealthy, important citizens who helped pass laws and controlled foreign policy and government money

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Assemblies

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groups of adult male Roman citizens who passed laws and elected magistrates

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Roman rights and responsiblities

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Roman citizens had the right to a trial, adult males had the right to vote and responsibility to serve in the army

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Patricticians

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members of the oldest families in Rome, usually wealthy

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Plebeians

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majority of the Romans, common farmers or artisans

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Race of Honors

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how politicians moved from lower offices to higher offices, started with the Quaestor who kept track of public money and helped other officials, then to an Aedile who maintained city buildings and services like the water supply and staged celebrations

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Roman dictators

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an important public official - held power for a maximum of 6 month, complete power for that time

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Tribunes of the Plebs

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protected the plebeians, vetoed laws and the actions of other officials

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patriarchal society

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men rule the families, people trace their origins through male ancestors

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paterfamilias

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the oldest man in a Roman family - head of household, owned all the property and had absolute power over the family

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most important role of a Roman woman

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to bear children and raise them to follow traditions, to be a faithful wife and mother, devoted to her family

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villas

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large country homes owned by elite, rich families

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common Roman people

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poor, men and women worked at a variety of jobs, lived in cramped apartments without running water - crime, disease, and fire were serious dangers

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slaves

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had no rights, some worked on farms, in mines, doing housework in the homes of their owners, secretaries or teachers - could save up money to buy freedom

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Spartacus

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slave who led an army of rebel slaves in 70 B.C., fought the Roman army, but were defeated

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established religion

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an official religion supported by the government - top officials serve as priests, consult religious experts before making decisions.

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Rome's established religion

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believed that maintaining good relations with the gods was part of the government's job - tried to keep their gods happy by praying, worshiping at home, built temples, offered animal sacrifices, and held games in honor of the gods

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3 important influences on Roman religion

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adapted from the Greeks, Estruscans, and Latin traditions

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Punic Wars

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Rome fought Carthage for control of the western Mediterranean in a series of three wars

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empire

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a state containing several countries or territories, divided into provinces

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provinces

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areas within a country or empire

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civil war

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war between groups from the same country

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Augustus

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Octavian became the first Roman emperor and took the title, meaning venerable, or greatly honored one - was used by later Roman emperors

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1st system of Roman government

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began as an independent city-state ruled by a monarchy

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deify

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officially declared to be a god

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Octavian

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became Augustus, first and often considered to be the best Roman emperor

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Augustus' achievements

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brought peace to the Roman world, made the empire more stable, gave the economy a boost which improved life for ordinary people

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Pax Romana

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Roman Peace - lasted from 30 B.C. to around A.D. 180, no major wars

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Rome's practical achievements

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paved roads, concrete, aqueducts, water and sewer systems

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concrete

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building material made by mixing small stones and sand with limestone, clay and water

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aqueducts

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a channel that moves water over land - allowed the Romans to move water across mountains and valleys to supply large cities, made of stone or concrete channels

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Pantheon

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the largest Roman dome/inside space that is still intact

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Roman economy

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farming was the base - most important crops were grains like wheat, then trade and craft industries

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Two Roman elements in Greco-Roman culture

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visiting public baths and worshiping the emperors

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mosaic

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a design formed with small tiles of glass, stone, or pottery

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Romance languages

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languages that developed from Latin: Spanish, Italian, French, and Portuguese

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oratory

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art of giving speeches

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the Romans' affect the languages spoken in Europe

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The Romans spoke Latin and took it with them to many parts, it became the spoken language across much of the western part

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Cicero

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Rome's most famous orator - spoke about political issues

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Juvenal

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wrote satires - writings that make fun of their subject

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Seneca

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famous Roman philosopher - Stoic philosophy = people to accept suffering and practice self-control

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Cladius Galen

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first to discover that arteries and veins carry blood

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Roman Law

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the Twelve Tables = laws relating to family relations, property, inheritance, and other important issues. Developed into a system called civil law

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resurrection

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coming back to life

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baptism

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ritual cleansing by plunging into water

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Zealots

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a group of Jews in Judea that resisted the Romans by force, they refused to pay taxes and killed Roman officials

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Jesus' life events in the Gospels

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carpenter, baptized by John the Baptist, taught from the Hebrew scriptures, traveled in Judea for three years telling people about God coming, champion of the poor and outcasts of society, was arrested, crucified, and resurrected

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conversion

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a heartfelt change in one's opinions or beliefs

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Christ

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Greek word for Messiah

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martyrs

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people who die for their faith

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how Christian martyrs helped strengthen the faith of other Christians

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others saw their courage

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the Roman government feared the spread of Christianity

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Roman officials feared that Christians refused to worship Roman gods because they were disloyal, and that the gods would be angry if people stopped worshiping them

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Constantine's dream changed the course of Roman history

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it told him to fight under the sign of the cross - he won the battle, ended the persecutions of Christians and became a Christian himself, and a later emperor made Christianity the official Roman religion

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New Testament

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written in Greek between A.D. 50 and 150, Christian scripture, contains 27 books

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Gospels

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the first four books of the New Testament

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parables

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stories with a moral - Jesus often used them to explain important life lessons

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epistles

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after the Gospels, formal letters - letters that apostles and other early leaders wrote to the newly established churches to explain Christian teachings or to solve problems in the church

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Paul

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wrote many of the epistles to churches he had started, explained many Christian beliefs in great detail.

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members of the Trinity

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God the Father, Jesus the Son, and the Holy Spirit

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most Christians believe Jesus was

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both human and divine

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the two faiths that make up Judeo-Christian tradition

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Judaism and Christianity - tradition has contributed to art, literature, and helped shaped law

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ethics

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issues of right and wrong and how to treat people

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Christmas and Easter are two important holidays for Christians why?

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Christmas celebrates the birth of Jesus, a miracle, and Easter celebrates Jesus' resurrection

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what Christians believe about atonement

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that by Jesus being crucified, his death and resurrection is the key

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inflation

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a general rise in the cost of goods, prices go up

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why mercenaries fight

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for payment, not for their country

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barbarians

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the word Greeks and Romans used for all people who did not share their cultures, believed that they were savage or uncivilized

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whose support did a man need most to become emperor?

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soldiers

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emperors caused inflation

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by debasing the currency = making coins with less gold or silver and more copper other other less valuable metals, when merchants realized that the coins had less gold or silver, they raised their prices

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why Diocletian divided the empire

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to make it more stable, and to prevent civil wars

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how the Western Roman empire ended

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German invaders

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order of Roman emperors

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Augustus, Diocletian, Constantine

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two ways Constantine changed the Roman empire

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he reunited it, and accepted Christians

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how the Roman empire helped spread Christianity even though it persecuted Christians

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the roads and kept the seas free of pirates, persecution caused some to bond to their faith

Social Studies – chapters 12 & 13 – Rome – Flashcards

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