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Beliefs

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specific ideas that people hold to be true. Influenced by ones: culture, language, religion, gender, media, enviroment, relationship to land, and spirtuality.

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Capitalism

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economic system based on free-markets, fair competition, wise consumers, and profit-motivated producers. Min. government involvement

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collectivism

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ideology that places the needs and goals of the collective before those of any individual member of the group. Based on the belief in the interdependence of human society

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communism

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ideology based on the belief that the opressed working class must overcome its property-owning oppressors through revolution

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ideological spectrum

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diagram on which ideologies can be organized according to a particular set of criteria, such as the extent to which they emphasize collectivism or individualism

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ideology

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A system of thought based on beliefs and values.

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individualism

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an ideology that values the rights and freedoms of the individual, often above the security and harmony of the whole group.

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values

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things that are important to you

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worldview

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the collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality

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competition

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struggle among two or more people for an economic, social, or politcal advantage. supporters of a free market economy see competition as an incentive for indiv. to work harder

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democracy

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politcal system in which the people have the power to make or influence government decisions directly or indeirectly through such processes as free elections

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economic freedom

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ability of individuals to act freely as consumers and producers within an economic system

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individual rights and freedoms

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The rights associated with personal liberty such as freedom of religion and of association and the right to life, liberty and the security of the person; a key feature in liberal democracies. (right)

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private property

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material possesions, including land, that are owned by an individual or group. the rights to private property and its protection are central values of liberalism

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rule of law

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idea that the law itself, and not an individual, has the greatest power and that all individuals are equal before the law and subject to the same law

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self-interest

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one's own personal gain

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social contract

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an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

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adherence to collective norms

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Faithful observance of the norms or standards imposed on members of a group as a condition of membership in the group. These norms can relate to conduct, values or appearance.

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collective interest

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Set of goals or ideas that members of a group pursue together & that will benefit group as a whole rather than benefitting anyone individual in the group. (left)

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collective responsibility

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a groups responsibility for the actions of all its members, as well as the idea that indiv. have a responsibility to the group that is greater than their indiv. responsibility

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collective will

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the wants or wishes of a group of people

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common good

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the good of a community; something that benefits the public health, safety, and/or well-being of society as a whole

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co-operation

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people working together to accomplish common goals

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crown corporations

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companies owned by canadian federal or provincal governments, which are formed to serve the common good. Ex: BC Hydro, CBC, VIA rail

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crown land

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government owned land which is often rented or leased to individuals or companies for profit.

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economic equality

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principle common to collectivist ideologies, which can have different meanings depending on the person,etc. governments try this with tax policies and by ensuring that all people earn equal wages for work of similar value

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human interdependence

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idea that individuals do not live thier lives in isolation, but rather depend on one another in many ways

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socialism

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ideology based on the belief that collective vlaues, such as collective responsibility, collective interest, co-operation, economic equality, adherence to collective norms, and public property, should be the foundation for politcal, economic, and social life

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class system

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division of a society into differnet classes of poeple, usually based on income or wealth

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classical liberalism

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ideology that is based on the belief that the rights and freedoms of the indiv. should be the foundation for society. Emphasis on free market economy

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distribution of wealth

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how the wealth and income generated by an economy are divided or shared among the different groups that make up a society.

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laissez-faire capitalism

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french meaning "leave alone" economy: government does not intervene in the free market

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liberal democracy

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form of government in which the rights and freedoms of the individual are guarenteed, including the right of individuals to vote for the politcal leaders of their country

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liberalism

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ideology based on the importance of individual liberty and the values of individualism (indiv. rights and freedoms, self-interest, competition, economic freedom, rule of law, private property)

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limited government

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principle of minimal government intervention in the lives of individuals and in the workings of an economy

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mercantilism

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economic system ( 1500's-1700's) based on the beliefs that a country should export more goods than it imports, accumulate wealth in gold and silver, and protect its economy by taxing and setting quotas on imports.

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modern liberalism

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ideology developed over time to address concerns with the inequality and injustices created by a capitalist society, while remaining focused on individual rights

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monopoly

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(economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller

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supply and demand

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an economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply)

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Cost of living

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average cost of basic necessities of life (as food and shelter and clothing)

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equal opportunity

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the right to equivalent opportunities for employment regardless of race or color or sex or national origin

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feminism

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the movement aimed at equal rights for women

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human rights

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the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings

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industrial revolution

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the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, (England: 1750-1850)

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industrialization

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the development of industries for the machine production of goods

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labor standards

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It sets out the minimum terms conditions and benefits of employment that employers must provide or comply with and to which employees are entitled as a matter of legal right.

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unions

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An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

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voting rights

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no state can deny the right to vote based on race, color, or sex

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welfare state

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a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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A 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security.

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Bourgeoisie

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The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

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democratic socialism

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political system in which the government takes over the means of production peacefully; people retain basic human rights and partial control over economic planning

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government intervention

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represents the actions taken by government to affect the economy

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Great Depression

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the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

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Marxism

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the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

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proletariat

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a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

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social programs

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Programs which helped insure a minimum standard of living. Programs were unemployment, accident and health insurance, and the social security system

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universal health care

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Everyone gets the same level of care, no cost, paid by taxes. in effect in canada

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utopian socialism

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Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively

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Bolsheviks

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members of a wing of the russian social democratic workers party led by Lenin which took control in 1917 (russian revolution) and which became the communist party of the soviet union

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dictatorship

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A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority. Often use force or fruad to gain political power which is maintained through terror, intimidation, repression of civil liberties and propaganda.

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dissent

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the act of protesting

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eugenics

answer

ideology based on the premise that all human physical and mental characteristics are passed on through biological heredity. Proposes breeding be controlled to increase the occurrence of human traits considered to be desirable.

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fascism

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Authoritarian system of government (dictatorship) that includes extreme militaristic nationalism, a belief in the rule of elites.Rejects the ideas of both liberal democracy and communism or socialism.

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leninism

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political ideology based on Russian leader Vladmir Lenin's interpretation of communism, whereby a communist state would be established through violent revolution and would then be governed by the authoritarian leadership of the communist party

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nazism

answer

The doctrines of nationalism, racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State. The National Socialist German Workers Party, otherwise known as the Nazi Party. Nazism was advocated by Adolf Hitler in Germany.

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social darwinism

answer

Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.

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stalinism

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political ideology based on soviet dictator Joseph Stalin's interpretation of communism, characterized by totalitarian rule and repression of politcal opponents

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subsistence agriculture

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Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

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brinkmanship

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the policy of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster (to the limits of safety)

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cold war

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This period of time following World War II is where the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers and faced off in an arms race that lasted nearly 50 years.

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collective security

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a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all

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containment

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American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

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detente

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relaxation of tensions between the United States and the soviet during the cold war

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deterrence

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the act or process of discouraging actions or preventing occurrences by instilling fear or doubt or anxiety

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expansionism

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the doctrine of expanding the territory or the economic influence of a country.

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ideological conflict

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ideological differences which caused mistrust and misconceptions at the wartime conferences

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liberation movements

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Political struggles of people for their civil, human and liberal rights or an independence movement by people under authoritarian/totalitarian regimes.

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non-alignment

answer

Policy of not supporting either side in a conflict - such as India during the Cold War

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pro-democracy movements

answer

movements or campaigns in favour of democracy,especially countries with authoritarian government.

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second world war

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1939-45 allied countries (great britain, france, canada, soviet union, and the us) vs the axis countries (including germany, italy, and japan)

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sphere of influence

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the countries and territories over which a more powerful country dominates, such as those that the United States and the Soviet Union each influenced poitically during the cold war

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aboriginal rights

answer

rights of the first nations, metis, and inuit peoples in canada. includes their land and treaty rights and right pertaining to their history, culture, language; protected by the constitution

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assimilation

answer

process by which ethnic or cultural groups adopt the culture of a more dominant group and are absorbed into its society. Smaller group is at risk for losing language, culture, traditions, etc.

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enfranchisement

answer

granting people the rights of citizens, especially the right to vote. First nations used to have to give up indian status to achieve this

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imposition

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forcing something on people whether they want it or not

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land holding

answer

ideas and practices related to access and rights to the use of land

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indian act

answer

Passed: 1876 Dealing with governance of first nations reserves, the rights of registered indiv. and the federal governments obligations towards them. one of the goals was the assimilation of first nations peoples into european based canadian culture.

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treaty rights

answer

special rights to land and other entitlements due to people recognized as treaty indians under negotiated treaties.

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aborignial collective thought

answer

way of thinking that values the group more than the indiv. and views all things as interconected. effects land holding, decision making, child rearing, and education.

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aboriginal self government

answer

the concept that aboriginal people have the right to establish local government

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civil disobediance

answer

refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust as a nonviolent way to press charges. Ex. boycotts, sit-ins, etc.

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enviromentalism

answer

a socil movement dedicated to protecting the earths life support systems for us and all other forms of life

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extremism

answer

A person who holds extreme or fanatical political or religious views, one who resorts to or advocates extreme action

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Authoritarian Political systems

answer

all decions related to governing tge state aremade by a small group of people or by one person. Ex. military rulers

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consensus decision making

answer

form of decision making where individuals in a group share ideas, solutions, and concerns,to find a resolution that all members of the group can accept

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direct democracy

answer

form of democratic gov. in which people participate directly in political decision making. A direct democracy operates on the belief that every citizens voice is important and necessary for an orderly and efficient society.

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first past the post

answer

electoral system in which the candidate with the most votes in an electoral district wins the election. system is often contrasted with proportional representation, an alternative electoral method used in many liberal democracies.

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interest groups

answer

organizations that seek to influence elected officals. their goal is to encourage legislation that reflects their specific beliefs or values, or to prevent the passage of legislation that does not reflect their values.

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majority government

answer

Refers to a party in the House of Commons that forms the government with more than 50% of the seats under its control.

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minority government

answer

a government in which the ruling party has more seats than any other party, but the other parties combined have more seats than the government

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party solidarity

answer

the idea that all members of a political party should be loyal to and support the offical decisions of their party, and vote according to their partys position on an issue

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plebiscite

answer

direct vote by citizens on a specific question submitted to them by their governments to determine their wishes.

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proportional representation

answer

An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.

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referendum

answer

The practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature

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representation by population

answer

a form of proportional representation in government; areas with higher populations have more elected officials in government

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representative democracy

answer

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.

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will of the people

answer

the collective wishes of the people of a state

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command economy

answer

a system in which the central government makes all economic decisions

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economic equality

answer

Each idividual should recieve the same amount of material goods regardless of his or her contribution to society

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free market economy

answer

Demand & competition set the prices & supplies of goods in this type of economy. No government intervention. Ex. United States

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mixed economy

answer

an economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion. Ex. canada

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social safety net

answer

Also known as the welfare state. Canada's is in part made up of employment insurance, medicare, old age pensions, welfare schemes, and childcare. The purpose of all these government initiatives is to ensure a basic standard of living for all Canadians.

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parlimentary democracy

answer

democratic form of government in which the party with the greatest representation in the parliement forms the government, with its leader becoming the Prime Minister.

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canadian charter of rights and freedoms

answer

document entrenched in the constitutional act, 1982 that lists and describes the fundemental rights and freedoms guarenteed to canadians

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constitution act (1867-1982)

answer

act originally passed by the british parliment that est. canada and its form of gov. served as canadas constitution until 1982 when it became the basis of the Consitution Act of 1982-(includes the charter, and a description of the collective rights of aboriginals)

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quebec charter of human rights and freedoms

answer

human rights code that was passed by the national assembly of quebec in 1975. Includes protection of fundemental rights and freedoms and of political, equality, judical, economic, and social rights.

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anti-terrorism act

answer

law passed based on the 9/11 events. gave canadian gov. special powers, such as surveillance and detention, for dealing with people carrying out activities thought to be associated with terrorism.

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censorship

answer

control of what people read or write or see or hear; efforts to prohibit free expression of ideas

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emergencies act

answer

is an Act of the Parliament of Canada to authorize the taking of special temporary measures to ensure safety and security during national emergencies

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pandemics

answer

worldwide outbreak of disease

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racism

answer

discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race

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resource use and development

answer

the way in which a countrys natural resources are used by society and how the resources are extracted.

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terrorism

answer

the use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal

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USA PATRIOT ACT

answer

law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater government access to electronic communications and other information; criticized by some as violating civil liberties

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War measures act

answer

gave emergency powers to the federal cabinet in circumstances where a war, invasion, or insurrection semmed possible. replaced by emergency act.

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anti war movements

answer

An organized campaign against war. The vietnam anti-war movement gained public support during the late 1960 and contributed to the United states ending the war.

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grassroots movements

answer

campaign that usually begins when a few people share a belief about how a situation must change. Usually formed naturally and spontaneously in response to an issue.

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humanitarian crises

answer

disasters such as famine, pandemics, natural calamities or wars that cause great hardship and loss

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political participation

answer

any number of ways in which a citizen can be involved in the political procces, such as voting, running as a candidate, speaking out, etc.

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protest

answer

expression of opposition publically

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citizenship

answer

membership by birth or nautralization in a society, community, or country, which entails definable rights of participation and protection

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leadership

answer

demonstrating the ability to lead a group of people to get something done

Social Studies 30-2 Key Concepts – Flashcards

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