Social Science Chapter 5-8 – Flashcards
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geography
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social science that focuses on the spatial interaction of human beings with each other and with their physical environment
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demography
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study of the number and characteristics of a population
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death and birth rate
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two key determinants of population in any country
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birthrate will decline due to
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economic forces that make people less willing to accept the trouble, expense, and responsibility involved in raising large families / birth control being so effective
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National Geographic -Roper
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conducted a survey on geographic literacy among young adults
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societies are made of
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people
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geography approaches the study of society
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means of a spatial dimension
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demography approaches the study of society
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means of people dimension
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Indira Gandhi
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enforced a program that forced sterilization was a factor that fell of the gov't, she was re-elected in 1977 + modified the program
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Thailand
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slogan, "A condom a day keeps the doctor away?"
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China
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fines families who reproduce more than one child
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population growth since 1800's
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decline of death rate due to advances in sanitation/healthcare + increase in per capita output of food + manufactured goods
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census
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official, systematical count of the number of people who live in a given area
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Malthusian Theory
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concerned the relationship of population to the means of human subsistence; belief that population tends to outrun the means of subsistence
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Thomas Robert Malthius
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short treatise; "An Essay on the Principle of Population as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society";Founder of the Malthusian Theory
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Law of diminishing returns
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more people are employed on a given area of land, even though total output may continue to expand, beyond a certain point average output per worker will shrink
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optimal population
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population that would maximize welfare for its members
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Julian Simon
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Arthur of "The Ultimate Resource"; argued that people are the ultimate resource and there 's no such thing as too many people
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Individual success depends on
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social environment + biological inheritence
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environment
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sum of all external influences that impinge on the human organism
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social environment
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composed of the elements in our surroundings that are of human origin
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natural environment
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composed of non-human elements in our surroundings
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ecology
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science concerned with the interactions between living things and their environment
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human ecology
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ecology that deals with the ways human societies adjust to their environment
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ecological balance
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term applied to each plant or animal species that's adjusted to it's environment + survived, when other species have adjusted it prevents crowding out.
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Examples of threats to ecological balance
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global warming, pollution, acid rain, depletion of water tables, paving over fertile soil + plant/animal habitats
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pollution
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destruction of our natural resource base by productive process
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NIMBY
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Not In My Back Yard; watchword of modern times
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"Tragedy of Commons"
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society owned environment and no individual has incentive to care for it
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Environmental Protection Agency
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most important antipollution agency; EPA
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Kyoto Protocol
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document that provides industrialized countries must cut emissions of gases (carbon dioxide) adopted 1997, initiated 2005- reduce greenhouse gases, flexible mechanisms
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technology
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universe of tools, mean and methods through which we interact with our environment
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developed the process of canning food
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Nicholas Appert; 1810, frenchman
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tried to solve the problem of Malaria + invented the first air conditioner
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John Gorrie
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Industrial Revolution
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sum of all the changes in economic and social organizations characterized by replacement of hand tools with power driven machines; 1760
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James Watt
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devised a greatly improved steam engine
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England
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workshop of the world
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Napoleonic War(1803-1815)
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1812 gave USA a strong push to open more textile factories in the US instead of England
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standardization
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production of uniform, substitutable parts
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Civil War (1861-1865)
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strongest impetus for standardization occurred; "lock, stock and barrel"
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John Hall
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skilled musket maker (1820)- wanted interchangeable parts for military weapons; developed precision machine production
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Henry Ford (1900's)
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introduction of the assembly line (prices of cars were reduced from $1600 to $300)
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Effects on society due to interchangeable parts and mass production
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self esteem decreased, pay decreased, social status decreased, skills decreased; cost of war decreased but death increased
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globalization
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integration of world economies
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problems created by technology
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took people away from homes to work, disturbed patterns of domestic life, caused people to move closer to work which caused crowding,
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Mao Zedong's cultural Revolution
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1960-1970 would not allow China to take part in western technology
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Micheal Piori
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economic theorist argued that technology is pushing society in opposite direction; robots will replace blue-collar workers and reduce class distinction
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economic activity
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activities concerned with making a living
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3 factors of economic activities
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humans want scarce goods economic goods-natural resources technology
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concerns about natural resources
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1970's; ecologists argued we would run out of natural resources or the pollution would destroy us
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global warming-effects of modern society
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gradual warming of the earth's temperature due to the burning of fossil fuels
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1992 Earth Summit in Brazil
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countries of the world signed treaties to cope with global warming + environmental problems
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United States
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largest industrial country in the world
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past technology
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teeth, hands, brains, fire, spears, bows + arrows, wooden shelters
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Alvin Toffler
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pioneer in the field of futurology; warned in his 1971 book Future Shock of the " shattering stress ans disorientation that we induce in individuals by subjecting them to too much change in too short of time"
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personality
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organization of inherited and acquired characteristics of an individual as evidence by the individuals behavior
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Jean Piaget
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psychologist who developed several theories on the development of children
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Piaget's 4 stages of child life
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birth - 2 yrs: physical objects 2-6yrs: symbols, language , dreams 6-12yrs: abstract concepts 12-15yrs: logical thoughts
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two types of cases involving child to human isolation
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feral-child lives in the wild/animal isolated in room-basement or attic
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infantile autism
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condition in which a child is unable to respond emotionally to others
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4 things between an individuals biological/social/natural environment
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inherited potential natural environment cultural society unique personal experiences
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instincts
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complex patterns of behavior that do not have to be learned
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B.F. Skinner
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psychologist that believed individual personality was shaped by conditioning; he believed individual behaviors could be changed
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operant conditioning
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altering individual habits by behaviors
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types of reinforcement and punishment
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negative + positive; reinforcement strengthens behavior punishment suppresses behavior
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heredity
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genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring
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nature/nurture debate
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focuses on whether heredity or environment has more affect on personality and success of life
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Anthony Bogaert
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study of nature/nurture of boys becoming gay
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cognitive approach
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focuses on nature
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cognitive science
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scientific study of the mind
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psychoanalytical approach
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focuses on nature but does not look to cognitive science, looks at mystical approach
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
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best known name in psychology; focuses on unconscious and its relation to conscious thoughts and actions; originated psychotherapy
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Albert Ellis
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rational emotive therapy
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behavioralist approach
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focuses on actions
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humanist approach
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emphasizes the entire person and his/her interrelationship with culture
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Abraham Maslow's aka Maslow's hierarchy
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states there are 5 levels of human achievement; self actualization self-esteem needs love + belonging needs safety + security needs basic psychological needs
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Martin Seligman
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psychologist emphasizing "how to have a good life" (roe color glasses vs optimistic/pessimistic
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psychoanalysis
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method of analysis based exploration of unconscious mental process as manifested in dreams and disturbed relations
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Freud's 3 major systems of personality
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id-pleasure ego-personality/behavior (referee) superego-morals
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Oedipus Complex
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Freud best work-a child's sexual attraction to the parent of the opposite sex (Greek mythology-Oedipus liis father to marry mother)
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Judith Martin
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Perfection blueprint-perfect child
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Thomas A Harris
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"I'm OK You're OK"- similar to Freud work- breaks down the human personality in 3 parts: parent, adult, child
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TA
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transactional analysis
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ESP
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extrasensory perception
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NLP
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neuro-linguist programming
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EFT
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emotional freedom techniques
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Pop Theories
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TA, EFT, NLP, ESP
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IQ-intelligence quotient
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individual's tested mental ability IQ=mental age/chronological age x 100
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Robert Rosenthal + Lenore Jackson
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gifted students
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Charles Murray
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"The Bell Curve"- thinks intelligence is falling in the US
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Norms
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expectations about what constitutes acceptable behavior
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deviant
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actions conflicting with norms (unacceptable behavior)
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crime
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deviant behavior-violates legal norms
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Cesare Lombroso
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Italian criminologist-believed criminals has distinct physical characteristics (flat nose, long lwr jaws, long ears, scanty beards)
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James Wilson + Richard Herrnstein
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"Crime + Human Nature"- argue crime is a matters of cost with the benefits of crime
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interactionist perspective
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individuals interpreting social llife through symbols
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functionlist perspective
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sees all activities in society has having a function
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Edwin Sutherland
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argues whether people deviate or conform is most unfluenced by groups they associate with
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William Chamblis
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sociologist that studied labeling (the saints vs the roughnecks)
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control theory
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desire to rebel is more natural but forces prevent us from doing so
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strain theory
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deviance is a necessary part of society-structure does not provide equal access to economic success it instills in all a function to strive for success ( Robert Merton-sociologist)- society creates criminals
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illegitimate theory
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social classes create or prevent opportunity to make economic success illegally (hustles) (Richard Clower + Lloyd Ohlin, sociologist) "white collar vs blue collar crimes"
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polygamy
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plural marriage
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polygyny
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1 husband + multiple wives
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polyandry
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1 wife + multiple husbands
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cenogamy
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from of union in which several men married to several women
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3 patterns of family control
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patriarchy-man rules the house matriarchy-woman rules the house egalitarian-partners rule the house
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functions of family
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biological, psychological, economical (reproduce,productive children,satisfied parents)
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Leo Tolstoy
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"Anna Karenina"- families are happy or unhappy in their own way
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civil unions
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legally recognized commitment of two individuals (not technically married but provide some of the same benefits) (same sex marriage)
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4 variations in family pattern are determined by
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# of mates, selection of mates, family control, reckoning of descent
