Social Psychology Study Guide Final Exam
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prejudice
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negative prejudgment of a group and its individual members
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stereotype
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beliefs about attributes about a group of people , not necessarily negative
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discrimination
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unjustifiable negative behaivor toward a group or its members
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sexism
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an individual 's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaivor toward people of a given sex to institutional practices even if not motivated by prejudice that subordinate people of a given sex
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social dominance orientation
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a motivation to have one's group be dominant over other social group
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displaced aggression
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can happen when someone cannot aggress towards the source of incitement or provocation, so takes it out on wrong person
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ingroup
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social group to which a person identifies with being a member
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outgroup
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social group with which an individual does not identify with
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scapegoating
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target for unhappiness , blaming group for your pain, placing anger in wrong place
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just world phenomenon
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tendency of people to believe the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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aggression
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behaivor that is intended to cause harm to another
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instrumental aggression
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means to another means , anger is not primary motivation behind it
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hostile aggression
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goal is to injure,frequently physical , hurt others badly
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frustration-aggression theory
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theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress
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relative deprivation
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perception that one is less well off than others to whom one compares oneself
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adaptation level phenomenon
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emotions and sensations are relative and quick to change, human tend to adapt to their surroundings
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catharsis
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watching violent drama enables people to release their pent up hostilities
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social learning theory
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theory that we learn social behaivor by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished
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mere exposure effect
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tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the other has been repeatedly exposed
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attractiveness
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presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well
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proximity
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geographical nearness being around someone
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ingratiation
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use of strategies such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor ,smooth talking, doing favors
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matching phenomenon
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tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a good match
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companion-ate love
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the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined
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passionate love
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state of intense longing for union with another, adsorbed into each other
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disclosure
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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others (telling your business )
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disclosure reciprocity
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tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of conversational partner
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altruism
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engaging in helping behaivor with no expectation of reward
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social exchange theory
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theory that humans interactions one's reward and minimize one's costs (internal rewards) makes you feel good when you do something good for an other
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reciprocity norm
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an expectation that people will help not hurt those who have helped them
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insecure attachment
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attachments marked by anxiety,ambivalence , and possessiveness
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secure attachment
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attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy
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avoid ant attachment
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relationship style marked by dismissive detachment
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bystander effect
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finding that a person is likely to provide help when there are other bystanders
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diffusion of responsibility
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whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present.
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moral exclusion
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is a psychological process where members of a dominant group view their own group and its norms as superior to others, belittling, marginalizing, excluding, even dehumanizing targeted groups
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foot-in the door
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a compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request.
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door in the face
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strategy for gaining a concession, turn down large request, counter offer more reasonable
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sympathy
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feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune
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empathy
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the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
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zero sum relationship
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is a situation in game theory in which one person's gain is equivalent to another's loss
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mirror -image perceptions
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reciprocal of reward views of one another often held by parties in conflict, Ex: each may view self as moral and peace and the other other as evil
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mediation
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an attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering a suggestion
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bargaining
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seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties
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arbitration
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resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes settlement
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super ordinate goals
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shared goal that necessities cooperative effort a goal that overrides people's differences from one another
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GRIT strategy
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graduated and reciprocated initiates in tension reduction- a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions
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Rosenhan study
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The Rosenhan experiment was a famous experiment done in order to determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis, conducted by psychologist David Rosenhan (November 22, 1929 - February 6, 2012), a Stanford University professor, and published by the journal Science in 1973 under the title "On being sane in insane places
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negative explanatory style
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attributes failure to stable, global, and internal causes
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positive explanatory style
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one's habitual way of explaining life events
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misinformation effect
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incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event after receiving misleading information about it
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Type A personality
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A temperament characterized by excessive ambition, aggression, competitiveness, drive, impatience, need for control, focus on quantity over quality and unrealistic sense of urgency
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Type B personality
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noted to live at lower stress levels. They typically work steadily, and may enjoy achievement, although they have a greater tendency to disregard physical or mental stress when they do not achieve.
