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Social Psychology

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Discipline that uses scientific methods in an attempt to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings and behavior of individuals are influenced by actual, imagined or implied presence of others. Focuses on the individuals. Interaction between agents

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Pluralism in Social Psychology

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Different explanations for why we act/behave the way we do

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Scientific Methods

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ability to make an experiment. Theory - research question - background check - hypothesis - test hypothesis - analysis results - draw conclusions

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Internal Validity

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The degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent varibles

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External Validity

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the degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the results of a study would be obtained for other people in other situations

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Self-Esteem

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Internal process using external sources. the affective component of the self consisting of a persons positive and negative self evaluation

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Self-Concept

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the sum total of an individuals beliefs about his or her own personal attributes

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Attitude

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A positive, negative or mixed reaction to a person, object or idea

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Cognitive Dissonance

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inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce

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Attribution

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describe how people explain the causes of behavior

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Misattribution

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attributing an event to something with which it really has no connection or association.

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Interpersonal attraction

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Attraction between two people which leads to friendships and to a platonic or romantic relationship. A general liking but with a range of variations that include respect, love and lust.

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Halo effect

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initial interaction, nonverbal cues on whether we like someone or not

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Intimate relationships Attachment styles

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Secure: sensitive, responsive (high self esteem high interpersonal trust, lasting relationships) fearful avoidant: distant, disengaged (low self esteem, low interpersonal trust, unable to form close relationships) preoccupied: inconsistent (low self esteem, high interpersonal trust, expect rejection) dismissive: errotic/extreme (high self esteem, low interpersonal trust from parents)

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First Social Psychology Study (Norman Tripplett)

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end of nineteeth century. purpose: studying effects of the social context on individuals behavior found that bicyclists tended to race faster when racing in the presence of others than when simply racing against a clock,

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Klein (2012) three recommendations for conducting research about the self

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1. Psychology needs to be more explicit about the term self. 2. Psychology has much to offer Philosophy, and Philosophy, in turn, can benefit from the empirical moorings offered by psychological research; 3. Whatever the self turns out to be (short of being an illusion), it will not submit to a unitary depiction. the self is multiplicity

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Anthony Holmes, Wood (2007) social acceptance and self esteem

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Sample: undergraduate students purpose: the authors draw on sociometer theory to purpose that self esteem is attuned to traits that garner others acceptance and the traits that garner acceptance depends on ones social role main findings: self esteem was generally more attuned to appearances than to communal qualities, but interdependent social roles predicted heightened attunment of self esteem to qualities like kindness and understanding

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Gallup's research on self-concept

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sample: different species of animals, dogs, cats, apes purpose: to see if these animals were capable of self recognition findings: great apes were the only species that were cabale of understanding self recognition, they looked in the mirror and even cleaned their teeth and looked at themselves

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Hurley E. Perceptions of High Achievers Study 1

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90 african american male and females purpose: four scenarios each depictinga hypothetical high achieving peer who exhibits a particular achievement style findings: communal had the highest followed by competitive, individual and high venue

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Gervais ; Norenzayan (2013)

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Sample: believers in god vs. low believers purpose: self awareness theory predicts that self focus should heighten a concern for our standards if good behavior. thoughts of god can lead people of faith to behave more prosocially toward others findings: high believers who were primed to think about god became more self aware as if they were being observed by others. also found that thinking about god led high believers to answer various questions in ways that were socially desirable

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Scnall, Abrahamson, Laird premenstrual syndrome

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sample: women with pms purpose: Self-perception theory suggests that premenstrual syndrome (PMS) may arise from the misattribution of hormone-induced bodily changes findings: women responsive to cues from their bodies showed significant mood changes, both negative and positive, with their cycle, over a 60 day span; whereas women relatively unresponsive to personal, bodily cues showed no consistent cycle effects In Study 2 women whose moods were based on bodily cues also rated their moods as less positive if they were in their premenstrual week, and women unresponsive to their bodies were unaffected by their cycle

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Stages in conducting research (links)

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begin with a question form a hypothesis test hypothesis measure variable (self report, observations)

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Li et al (2002) Sex differences in mate preferences

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sample: males and females purpose:

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Self-Verification Theory

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We want how we perceive our own self the same way that others view us

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sociometer theory

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self esteem is internal psychological gauge that monitors the degree to which the individual is being included versus excluded (external increase ; internal decrease)

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Relationship Between Self-Awareness, Self-Recognition, Self-Concept ; Self-Esteem

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arrows

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Independent ; Interdependent Construal of the shelf

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stimulates new discoveries/research independent: personal attributions internal/personal traits bound entity separate from others interdependent: group identity social identity flexible contingent context defined by relationship

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Self-Perception Theory

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we make the same kind of judgments about ourselves based on our own behavior. behavior causes attitudes. where internal cues are difficult to interpret people gain self insight by observing their own behavior

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two stage model of attraction

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first we avoid dissimilar others and then we approach others (model)

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Main Facets of Social Psychology

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Social Perception: how we base our views on others by cues or preconceived knowledge. (assuming a person is intellectual based on glasses) Social Influence: how we influence one another as well as ourselves. (career choices, why you chose your major) Social Interaction: defining interaction with someone else. why we interact the way we do (interaction with 2 or more people)

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Different perspectives of Social Psychology

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sociocultural perspective : social, cultural interaction evolutionary perspective : universal took kit "Bio Bases of behavior" Social cognitive perspective: socialization influences behavior social learning perspective: learning rewards and punishment bad or positive behaviors

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Interaction between self-esteem and self-verification

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model

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Three criteria for using descriptive labels of self

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We have the attribute within us Our past actions feelings thoughts have close connections with this attribute Our future plans feeling thoughts will be guided

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The relationship between proximity, mere exposure and interaction

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attraction

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Possible causes of academic achievement due to locus, stability, controllability (example discussed in class - internal-external, stable-unstable, controllable-uncontrollable attributions)

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1. locus 2. stability stable permanent- global 3. controllability within your control outside your control

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Role of World War II in development of social psychological inquiry

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most dramatic influence on the field: adolf hitler "if i were required to name the one person who has had the greatest impact upon the field, it would be adolf hitler how could he influence/persuade the people followers

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Social Psychology has both American and European roots

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many social psychologists living in europe in the 1930s fled to the united states and helped establish a critical mass of social psychologists who would give shape to the rapidly maturing field migration from europe to us

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Compare and contrast descriptive experimental and correlational methods

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the goal of descriptive experimental reach is to describe people and their thoughts, feelings and behaviors. (observational studies, archival studies and surveys) correlational like sescriptive can be conducted using observation, archival ad survey methods but correlational approaches measure the relationship between different variables. How they relate to one another

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Morgan & Burrel- Assumptions about the nature of Social Sciences

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ontology : belief about construct -how we define the self -internal/external -important components -stable change 2) epistemology: golden standards for truth -qualitative/quantitative 3) human nature: relationship between person and enviroment -self : internal influence -self: external influence 4) methodology: come together to show the methodology

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Assessing instrumentation and sampling in social psychological research

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content validity- appropriateness of questions face validity: does the measure asses what it says its measuring

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Self-Esteem influence how we approach and respond to life challenges

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Higher self esteem lower stress College students self esteem has significant Impact on emotional reactions

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Harb & Smith : categories for defining the self

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personal self: differentiate self from others relational self horizontal relational self vertical collective self (horizontal) - group identity collective self vertical humanity bound self - species

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Advantages to participant observation

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researcher observe behavior in wholeness researcher record rare events observe behaviors that were only viewed by nonscientists observe behavior unable to recreate in lab

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Define cognitive dissonance theory, ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

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The evaluation of people, feelings and situations. Ways in which we reduce cognitive dissonance through ignoring, hostile (invalidate info), changing attitudes, add cognitions, alter the importance of discrepancy, reducing perceived choice, making self affirmations and changing behavior

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Behavior causes attitude vs. attitudes causes behavior

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attitudes influence our behavior through a process of deliberate decision making, and their impact is limited in four respects. ( attitude toward behavior, subjective norm and perceived behavior control) Argues that we often do not know what our attitudes are and, instead infer them from our behavior and the situation in which the behavior occurs. self perception

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Attributional process

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process by which people use info to make inferences about causes of behavior or events 2 factors we look at (1. personality, 2. context) -locus of causality (internal & external) -stability of causality controllability of causality

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