question

group

answer

Three or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other.

question

social roles

answer

Shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave.

question

group cohesiveness

answer

Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members.

question

social facilitation

answer

The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated.

question

social loafing

answer

The tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, such that they do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks.

question

deindividuation

answer

The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified (such as when they're in a crowd).

question

process loss

answer

Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving.

question

transactive memory

answer

The combined memory of two people that is more efficient than the memory of either individual.

question

groupthink

answer

A kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner.

question

group polarization

answer

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members.

question

great person theory

answer

The idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation.

question

transactional leaders

answer

Leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them.

question

transformational leaders

answer

Leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals.

question

contingency theory of leadership

answer

The idea that leadership effectiveness depends both on how task-oriented or relationship-oriented the leader is and on the amount of control and influence the leader has over the group.

question

task-oriented leader

answer

A leader who is concerned more with getting the job done than with worker's feelings and relationships.

question

relationship-oriented leader

answer

A leader who is concerned primarily with workers' feelings and relationships.

question

social dilemma

answer

A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone.

question

tit-for-tat strategy

answer

A means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial.

question

public goods dilemma

answer

A social dilemma in which individuals must contribute to a common pool in order to maintain the public good.

question

commons dilemma

answer

A social dilemma in which everyone takes from a common pool of goods that will replenish itself if used in moderation but will disappear if overused.

question

negotiation

answer

A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counter offers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree.

question

integrative solution

answer

A solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests; each side concedes the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side.

question

Social facilitation

answer

Increase in performance when in the presence of others

question

Social inhibition

answer

Decrease in performance when in the presence of others

question

Zajonc's Mere Presence

answer

Which theory says that the presence of another person or member of the same species increases arousal which strengthens the dominant response. On easy tasks, performance is enhanced. On difficult tasks, performance is impaired.

question

another person or member of the same species

answer

Zajonc's Mere Presence Theory says that the presence of _____________ increases arousal which strengthens the dominant response. On easy tasks, performance is enhanced. On difficult tasks, performance is impaired.

question

increases arousal which strengthens the dominant response

answer

Zajonc's Mere Presence Theory says that the presence of another person or member of the same species _____________. On easy tasks, performance is enhanced. On difficult tasks, performance is impaired.

question

enhanced, impaired

answer

Zajonc's Mere Presence Theory says that the presence of another person or member of the same species increases arousal which strengthens the dominant response. On easy tasks, performance is _____________. On difficult tasks, performance is _____________.

question

mere presence

answer

What three perspectives explains why does social facilitation occurs in humans and animals? 1) _____________, 2) evaluation apprehension, 3) distraction conflict.

question

evaluation apprehension

answer

What three perspectives explains why does social facilitation occurs in humans and animals? 1) mere presence, 2) _____________, 3) distraction conflict.

question

distraction conflict

answer

What three perspectives explains why does social facilitation occurs in humans and animals? 1) mere presence, 2) evaluation apprehension, 3) _____________.

question

mere presence

answer

Social facilitation theory that says that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation.

question

evaluation apprehension

answer

Social facilitation theory that says that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators

question

distraction conflict

answer

Social facilitation theory that says that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create conflicts of attention

question

social loafing

answer

Reduction in individual output on easy tasks in which contributions are pooled.

question

coordination loss

answer

What are two possible reasons social loafing occurs 1) _____________, 2) motivation loss.

question

motivation loss

answer

What are two possible reasons social loafing occurs 1) coordination loss, 2) _____________.

question

motivation loss

answer

Results of Ingham et al (1974) tug-of war study into social loafing phenomenon supports the __________ theory.

question

separate individual performance from group performance

answer

Ways to decrease, prevent, or counter, social loafing? 1) __________, 2) make tasks personally meaningful, 3) ensure people believe their efforts are necessary success, 4) group expects to be punished for poor performance and individuals singled out for blame, 5) reward individuals and the group, 6) smaller groups, 7) increase group cohesiveness, 8) women social loaf less than men, 9) individualist cultures social loaf more than collectivist.

question

make tasks personally meaningful

answer

Ways to decrease, prevent, or counter, social loafing? 1) separate individual performance from group performance, 2) __________, 3) ensure people believe their efforts are necessary success, 4) group expects to be punished for poor performance and individuals singled out for blame, 5) reward individuals and the group, 6) smaller groups, 7) increase group cohesiveness, 8) women social loaf less than men, 9) individualist cultures social loaf more than collectivist.

question

ensure people believe their efforts are necessary success

answer

Ways to decrease, prevent, or counter, social loafing? 1) separate individual performance from group performance, 2) make tasks personally meaningful, 3) __________, 4) group expects to be punished for poor performance and individuals singled out for blame, 5) reward individuals and the group, 6) smaller groups, 7) increase group cohesiveness, 8) women social loaf less than men, 9) individualist cultures social loaf more than collectivist.

question

group expects to be punished for poor performance and individuals singled out for blame

answer

Ways to decrease, prevent, or counter, social loafing? 1) separate individual performance from group performance, 2) make tasks personally meaningful, 3) ensure people believe their efforts are necessary success, 4) __________, 5) reward individuals and the group, 6) smaller groups, 7) increase group cohesiveness, 8) women social loaf less than men, 9) individualist cultures social loaf more than collectivist.

question

reward individuals and the group

answer

Ways to decrease, prevent, or counter, social loafing? 1) separate individual performance from group performance, 2) make tasks personally meaningful, 3) ensure people believe their efforts are necessary success, 4) group expects to be punished for poor performance and individuals singled out for blame, 5) __________, 6) smaller groups, 7) increase group cohesiveness, 8) women social loaf less than men, 9) individualist cultures social loaf more than collectivist.

question

__________ smaller groups

answer

Ways to decrease, prevent, or counter, social loafing? 1) separate individual performance from group performance, 2) make tasks personally meaningful, 3) ensure people believe their efforts are necessary success, 4) group expects to be punished for poor performance and individuals singled out for blame, 5) reward individuals and the group, 6), 7) increase group cohesiveness, 8) women social loaf less than men, 9) individualist cultures social loaf more than collectivist.

question

increase group cohesiveness

answer

Ways to decrease, prevent, or counter, social loafing? 1) separate individual performance from group performance, 2) make tasks personally meaningful, 3) ensure people believe their efforts are necessary success, 4) group expects to be punished for poor performance and individuals singled out for blame, 5) reward individuals and the group, 6) smaller groups, 7) __________, 8) women social loaf less than men, 9) individualist cultures social loaf more than collectivist.

question

women social loaf less than men

answer

Ways to decrease, prevent, or counter, social loafing? 1) separate individual performance from group performance, 2) make tasks personally meaningful, 3) ensure people believe their efforts are necessary success, 4) group expects to be punished for poor performance and individuals singled out for blame, 5) reward individuals and the group, 6) smaller groups, 7) increase group cohesiveness, 8) __________, 9) individualist cultures social loaf more than collectivist.

question

individualist cultures social loaf more than collectivist

answer

Ways to decrease, prevent, or counter, social loafing? 1) separate individual performance from group performance, 2) make tasks personally meaningful, 3) ensure people believe their efforts are necessary success, 4) group expects to be punished for poor performance and individuals singled out for blame, 5) reward individuals and the group, 6) smaller groups, 7) increase group cohesiveness, 8) women social loaf less than men, 9) __________.

question

more

answer

Men are [less/more] likely to social loaf than women.

question

more

answer

Individualist cultures are [less/more] likely to social loaf than collectivist cultures.

question

less

answer

Smaller groups are [less/more] likely to have social loafing than larger groups.

question

deindividuation

answer

Losing one's sense of personal identity, which makes it easier to behave in ways inconsistent with one's normal values.

question

undermines constraints of social norms

answer

The basic idea behind deindividuation is that being in a group, or crowd,____________; people ignore their own individuality.

question

antecedents

answer

The three main components of Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation: 1) ____________, 2) internal state, 3) behavioral effects

question

internal state

answer

The three main components of Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation: 1) antecedents, 2) ____________, 3) behavioral effects

question

behavioral effects

answer

The three main components of Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation: 1) antecedents, 2) internal state, 3) ____________

question

anonymity

answer

Antecedents in Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation include: 1) ____________, 2) diffusion of responsibility, 3) arousal of others

question

diffusion of responsibility

answer

Antecedents in Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation include: 1) anonymity, 2) ____________, 3) arousal of others

question

arousal of others

answer

Antecedents in Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation include: 1) anonymity, 2) diffusion of responsibility, 3) ____________

question

lessened self-observation

answer

Internal state factors in Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation include: 1) ____________, 2) lessened concern with evaluations of others, 3) less shame, guilty, fear.

question

lessened concern with evaluations of others

answer

Internal state factors in Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation include: 1) lessened self-observation, 2) ____________, 3) less shame, guilty, fear.

question

less shame, guilty, fear

answer

Internal state factors in Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation include: 1) lessened self-observation, 2) lessened concern with evaluations of others, 3) ____________.

question

impulsivity

answer

Behavioral effects in Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation include: 1) ____________, 2) irrationality, 3) emotionality, 4) antisocial activity.

question

irrationality

answer

Behavioral effects in Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation include: 1) impulsivity, 2) ____________, 3) emotionality, 4) antisocial activity.

question

emotionality

answer

Behavioral effects in Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation include: 1) impulsivity, 2) irrationality, 3) ____________, 4) antisocial activity.

question

antisocial activity

answer

Behavioral effects in in Zimbardo's theoretical model of deindividuation include: 1) impulsivity, 2) irrationality, 3) emotionality, 4) ____________.

question

group polarization

answer

The exaggeration through group discussion of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members.

question

persuasive arguments process

answer

Why does group polarization occur? 1) ____________, 2) social comparison process

question

social comparison process

answer

Why does group polarization occur? 1) persuasive arguments process, 2) ____________ .

question

groupthink

answer

Why don't group members tend to critique each other's ideas, challenge each other's reasoning, or correct misperceptions?

question

Groupthink

answer

A mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive ingroup, when the members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.

question

of the group (illusion of invulnerability, belief in inherent morality of the group)

answer

Symptoms of groupthink: 1) ____________ overestimation, 2) closed-mindedness (collective rationalizations), 3) pressures toward uniformity (self-censorship, direct pressure on dissenters, illusion of unanimity).

question

closed-mindedness (collective rationalizations)

answer

Symptoms of groupthink: 1) overestimation of the group (illusion of invulnerability, belief in inherent morality of the group), 2) ____________, 3) pressures toward uniformity (self-censorship, direct pressure on dissenters, illusion of unanimity).

question

pressures toward uniformity (self-censorship, direct pressure on dissenters, illusion of unanimity)

answer

Symptoms of groupthink: 1) overestimation of the group (illusion of invulnerability, belief in inherent morality of the group), 2) closed-mindedness (collective rationalizations), 3) ____________ .

question

incomplete survey of alternatives and objectives

answer

Consequences of groupthink: 1) ____________, 2) failure to examine risks of preferred choice, 3) failure to reappraise initially rejected alternatives, 4) failure to work out contingency plans.

question

failure to examine risks of preferred choice

answer

Consequences of groupthink: 1) incomplete survey of alternatives and objectives, 2) ____________, 3) failure to reappraise initially rejected alternatives, 4) failure to work out contingency plans.

question

failure to reappraise initially rejected alternatives

answer

Consequences of groupthink: 1) incomplete survey of alternatives and objectives, 2) failure to examine risks of preferred choice, 3) ____________, 4) failure to work out contingency plans.

question

failure to work out contingency plans

answer

Consequences of groupthink: 1) incomplete survey of alternatives and objectives, 2) failure to examine risks of preferred choice, 3) failure to reappraise initially rejected alternatives, 4) ____________.

question

common knowledge effect

answer

Label for the effect where groups spend considerably more time talking about shared information; can bias decisions. In other words, they focus on shared information and not working enough to draw out unique information

question

social loafing

answer

Why do groups do so poorly in brainstorming tasks? 1) ____________, 2) evaluation apprehension, 3) hearing other group members' ideas is distracting

question

evaluation apprehension

answer

Why do groups do so poorly in brainstorming tasks? 1) social loafing, 2) ____________, 3) hearing other group members' ideas is distracting

question

hearing other group members' ideas is distracting

answer

Why do groups do so poorly in brainstorming tasks? 1) social loafing, 2) evaluation apprehension, 3) ____________

question

in-groups and out-group

answer

Social Identity Theory says that people categorize the world into _________________

question

a positive self-concept

answer

Social Identity Theory says that people strive for _____________, and derive a sense of self-esteem from their in-group identification ______________________________________________________

question

their in-group identification

answer

Social Identity Theory says that people strive for a positive self-concept, and derive a sense of self-esteem from _____________.

question

evaluate their in-group relative to

answer

Their self-concept is partly dependent on how they _____________ other groups

question

leader remain impartial

answer

Ways to stop groupthink: 1) _____________, 2) seek outside opinion, 3) create subgroups, 4) seek anonymous opinions from the group

question

seek outside opinion, 3) create subgroups

answer

Ways to stop groupthink: 1) leader remain impartial, 2) _____________, 4) seek anonymous opinions from the group

question

create subgroups (for brainstorming)

answer

Ways to stop groupthink: 1) leader remain impartial, 2) seek outside opinion, 3) _____________, 4) seek anonymous opinions from the group

question

seek anonymous opinions from the group

answer

Ways to stop groupthink: 1) leader remain impartial, 2) seek outside opinion, 3) create subgroups, 4) _____________

question

discriminate, arbitrary

answer

Minimal Group studies are designed to show how people would _______ on the basis of ________ group assignments.

question

outdo, enhance

answer

Results of minimal group studies show that show that people behave as if the goal is to _______the out-group rather than to ______ the in-group.

question

more than average

answer

The Paper Factory experiment, where groups evaluated their contribution to the factory's overall outcome, every group thinks their group contributes __________to the factory's outcome.

question

direct competition for scarce resources

answer

Realistic Group Conflict theory says that conflicts between groups are caused by______________.

question

develop ideologies to justify the advantage

answer

Realistic Group Conflict theory says that when one group gains advantage, they ______________________.

question

belief in a just world

answer

What is the psychological phenomenon that is reflected in the theory that when one group gains advantage, they develop ideologies to justify their advantage.

question

increase contact and remove competition

answer

In Sherif's Robbers Cave study, to diffuse hostility they'd created between two groups of boys, they first tried to 1) ______________, which did not diffuse hostility, then 2) created cooperative interdependence, (which did diffuse hostility)

question

created cooperative interdependence

answer

In Sherif's Robbers Cave study, to diffuse hostility they'd created between two groups of boys, they first tried to 1) increase contact and remove competition, which did not diffuse hostility, then 2) ______________, (which did diffuse hostility)

question

n

answer

In Sherif's Robbers Cave study, to diffuse hostility they'd created between two groups of boys, they first increased contact and removed competition. Did this work? [y/n]

question

y

answer

In Sherif's Robbers Cave study, to diffuse hostility they'd created between two groups of boys, their second attempt involved creating cooperative interdependence. Did this work? [y/n]

question

relative deprivation

answer

The sense that one lacks a desired resource in comparison with another group.

question

social comparison

answer

According to findings on relative deprivation, ________, not objective reality, determines how satisfied people are with what they have.

question

relative deprivation

answer

The finding that intergroup hostilities may increase when resources are not scarce, during times of economic growth is an example of what social psychological concept?

question

mixed motive

answer

Social dilemmas are __________ situations, where pit the short-term interests of the individual against the long-term interest of the group (which includes the individual).

question

prisoner's

answer

Which social dilemma is you always receive higher payoff by betraying your prisoner's dilemma Types of social dilemmas; 1) ____________, 2) arms race (mirror image effect), 3) resource dilemmas (commons, public goods)

question

arms race (mirror image effect)

answer

Types of social dilemmas; 1) prisoner's dilemma, 2) ____________, 3) resource dilemmas (commons, public goods)

question

resource dilemmas (commons, public goods)

answer

Types of social dilemmas; 1) prisoner's dilemma, 2) arms race (mirror image effect), 3) ____________

question

resource

answer

Which social dilemma concerns how two or more people share a resource?

question

commons, public good dilemma

answer

List two types of resource dilemmas.

question

commons

answer

Which social dilemma is also referred to as the "take some dilemma"

question

public goods dilemma

answer

Which social dilemma is also referred to as the "give some dilemma"

question

commons

answer

Which social dilemma: If people take as much as they want of a limited resource that does not replenish itself quickly, nothing will be left for anyone.

question

public goods

answer

Which social dilemma: All are supposed to contribute resources to a common pool, but if no one gives, the service can't continue.

question

tit for tat

answer

Which strategies are best to get cooperation? 1) _________, 2) money for cooperation.

question

money for cooperation

answer

Which strategies are best to get cooperation? 1) tit for tat, 2) _________ .

question

nice (starts by cooperating)

answer

Features of the tit-for-tat cooperation strategy: 1) _________, 2) provocable. If others defect, it will defect, 3) forgiving. once others cooperate, it cooperates too, 4) simple. Subtle signals are often difficult to understand.

question

provocable (f others defect, it will defect)

answer

Features of the tit-for-tat cooperation strategy: 1) nice. Starts by cooperating, 2) _________, 3) forgiving. once others cooperate, it cooperates too, 4) simple. Subtle signals are often difficult to understand.

question

forgiving (once others cooperate, it cooperates too)

answer

Features of the tit-for-tat cooperation strategy: 1) nice. Starts by cooperating, 2) provocable. If others defect, it will defect, 3) _________ , 4) simple. Subtle signals are often difficult to understand.

question

simple (subtle signals are often difficult to understand)

answer

Features of the tit-for-tat cooperation strategy: 1) nice. Starts by cooperating, 2) provocable. If others defect, it will defect, 3) forgiving. once others cooperate, it cooperates too, 4) _________.

question

don't be envious

answer

Real world lessons from the tit-for-tat strategy of cooperation: 1) _________, 2) don't be the first to defect, 3) reciprocate both cooperation and defection, 4) don't be too clever.

question

don't be the first to defect

answer

Real world lessons from the tit-for-tat strategy of cooperation: 1) don't be envious, 2) _________, 3) reciprocate both cooperation and defection, 4) don't be too clever.

question

reciprocate both cooperation and defection

answer

Real world lessons from the tit-for-tat strategy of cooperation: 1) don't be envious, 2) don't be the first to defect, 3) _________, 4) don't be too clever.

question

don't be too clever

answer

Real world lessons from the tit-for-tat strategy of cooperation: 1) don't be envious, 2) don't be the first to defect, 3) reciprocate both cooperation and defection, 4) _________.

question

size of group

answer

Factors affecting cooperation in social dilemmas: 1) _________, 2) communication, 3) friendship, 4) shadow of the future, 5) gender, 6) culture, 7) changing the payoffs

question

communication

answer

Factors affecting cooperation in social dilemmas: 1) size of group, 2) _________, 3) friendship, 4) shadow of the future, 5) gender, 6) culture, 7) changing the payoffs.

question

friendship

answer

Factors affecting cooperation in social dilemmas: 1) size of group, 2) communication, 3) _________, 4) shadow of the future, 5) gender, 6) culture, 7) changing the payoffs.

question

shadow of the future

answer

Factors affecting cooperation in social dilemmas: 1) size of group, 2) communication, 3) friendship, 4) _________, 5) gender, 6) culture, 7) changing the payoffs.

question

gender

answer

Factors affecting cooperation in social dilemmas: 1) size of group, 2) communication, 3) friendship, 4) shadow of the future, 5) _________, 6) culture, 7) changing the payoffs.

question

culture

answer

Factors affecting cooperation in social dilemmas: 1) size of group, 2) communication, 3) friendship, 4) shadow of the future, 5) gender, 6) _________, 7) changing the payoffs.

question

changing the payoffs

answer

Factors affecting cooperation in social dilemmas: 1) size of group, 2) communication, 3) friendship, 4) shadow of the future, 5) gender, 6) culture, 7) _________ .

question

larger

answer

The group size affects group cooperation: ______ group decreases cooperation.

question

smaller

answer

The group size affects group cooperation: ______ smaller group increases cooperation

question

increases

answer

Communication affects group cooperation. More communication ______ cooperation

question

increases

answer

Friendship affects group cooperation: it _________ cooperation

question

going to be around in the future

answer

"Shadow of the future" affects group cooperation. If a partner is__________, we are less likely to cheat on them

question

making the deal sweeter for cooperation

answer

Changing the payoffs affects group cooperation: ___________ boosts cooperation

question

crowd makes people feel less accountable

answer

Why does deindividuation occur: 1) ___________, 2) increases obedience to the group norm.

question

increases obedience to the group norm

answer

Why does deindividuation occur: 1) crowd makes people feel less accountable, 2) ___________.

question

prisoner's dilemma

answer

Types of social dilemmas; 1) ___________, 2) arms race, mirror image effect, 3) resource dilemmas

question

___________ arms race, mirror image effect

answer

Types of social dilemmas; 1) prisoner's dilemma, 2), 3) resource dilemmas

question

resource dilemmas

answer

Types of social dilemmas; 1) prisoner's dilemma, 2) arms race, mirror image effect, 3) ___________

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