question

The theory that anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states and that any form of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive responses is the...

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excitation-transfer theory

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Donald was always miserable when he compared himself to his brother who seemed to have everything, even though they had both earned the same degree in college and had successful jobs. Donald was sure his brother had more than him. This illustrates the idea of...

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relative deprivation

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The principle that animals making higher investment in their offspring will be more careful in choosing mates is called

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differential parental investment

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Studies have found that people with _______________ are more likely to act aggressively.

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high self-esteem

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Denise was very aware that the man behind her was threatening her and his bizarre behavior made her realize he was about to harm her. This exemplifies the...

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defensive attributional style

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cognitive-neoassociation theory

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Theory that any unpleasant situation triggers a complex chain of internal events, including negative emotions and negative thoughts. Depending on other cues in the situation (such as weapons), these negative feelings will be expressed as either aggression or flight.

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In terms of the catharsis hypothesis, what is the probable effect on future behavior when an individual discharges aggressive impulses as they build up?

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Future behavior tends to increase in aggressiveness rather than decrease it.

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A narrow focus of attention on whatever seems most important to a person at a specific moment, has been used to describe the influence alcohol has in date rape situations. This has been termed

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alcohol myopia

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Studies show that men are most dangerous and most competitive when they are in which age bracket?

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late teens and 20s

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Research has demonstrated that _____ students tend to be less prosocial than many other college students

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economics

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If you are a parent who wants your children to develop broadly charitable natures, you should

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provide positive contact in your home with people from a wide spectrum of backgrounds

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the tendency to help close relatives is rather than nonrelatives is much more pronounced

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in both cultures when the need is life-threatening

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How does the phenomenon of diffusion of responsibility relate to the social responsibility norm for helping victims?

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when many people are present, diffusion of responsibility leads us to think that the victim does not depend on us. Accordingly, the social responsibility norm is weakened for each person

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The presence of other people is likely to increase helping in emergency situations when

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the people who are present act alarmed

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Women who are physically attacked or confronted by a man in a public place should shout

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"I don't know you!"

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You are an elementary school teacher who wants to increase the amount of helping your students give each other. According to research on labeling effects, what should you do?

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tell the children they are kind and helpful

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You are more likely to help someone else in order to relieve your _______

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sadness

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Very happy individuals are likely to help

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without much thought about the cost of helping

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Pure altruism will occur

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only when empathetic concern is elicited, because such concern points a person away from his or her own welfare and towards another's welfare

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The reinforecement-affect model of affiliative behavior is based on the premise that

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we affiliate with those people whom we associate positive feelings

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During a stressful or dangerous situation men exhibit the _____ response, while women exhibit the _____ response

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fight or flight; tend and befriend

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In what situation are people most likely to want social support?

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physically painful situations

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When people are embarassed, they prefer to be

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alone

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What is bad advice for depressed people?

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To avoid people until you start feeling better

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By talking about their success in school, highly motivated students

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may end up eroding their social support

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Both men and women search for _____ in times of stress

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females

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What was the explanation given for why unrelated children raised together in an Israeli kibbutz never married one another?

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they developed a natural aversion to sexual relationships with each other as if they were siblings

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Why do men in their teens show a preference for women in their 20s?

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women in their 20s have high reproductive potential

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The first social psychology study (conducted by Norman Triplett) examined _____ as it related to ____

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social facilitation; performance in a cycling activity

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Susan is shy and introverted, whereas her friend Beth is extremely outgoing. They find out they have to give a presentation in front of 42 other people in the class. Susan is terrified, and Beth is thrilled. This is an example of

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an interaction between the person and the situation

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Randomly assigning participants to conditoins allow the researcher to minimize the effects of

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systematic differences between the groups

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what is the main advantage of experiments?

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the researcher can make causal statements

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Risk that is no greater than that ordinarily encountered in daily life is called _____ risk

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minimal

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The copy machine study was an example of

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the automaticity of social behavior

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The fact that people from many different cultures agree on which facial expressions reflect particular emotions is evidence that

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there probably is a genetic component to the facial expression of emotion

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Emotions alert us

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when something isn't normal

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People from collectivistic cultures

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have the ability to relate well to others and take their perspective

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the fundamental attribution error may occur because humans ____ the impact of the situation because _____.

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underrepresent; it is often less visible to the observer

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the false consensus effect results from the

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anchoring and adjustment heuristic

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Ps were less biased in their appraisal of the methodology of a study about the effectiveness of the death penalty when they were asked to

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"try to be objective as possible"

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when people are moderately sad, they are

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more thorough in their thinking of others

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We did not learn about this self-promotional strategy

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emphasizing similarity

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People are more likely to follow the crowd when they are

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motivated to be accurate and are uncertain of their own decision

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social psychology

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The scientific attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behavior of individuals are influenced by actual, imagined, or implied presence of others (Allport, 1954)

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evolutionary perspective

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looks at what factors would have increased the likelihood that our ancestors would survive and thrive

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What was the conclusion of the first social psych experiment by Norman Triplett?

answer

the presence of another person changes our behavior

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What was the first social psych experiment by Norman Triplett studying?

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social facilitation

question

describe Norman Triplett's experiment first experiment

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people brought into the lab to do a cycling task cycled slower than when there were two people doing the cycling task.

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What was the first published psych experiment?

answer

Norman Triplett had children wind a fishing reel in groups of one or two

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What are the four major theoretical perspectives?

answer

sociocultural perspective, evolutionary perspective, social learning perspective, and the social cognitive perspective

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sociocultural perspective

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using factors from a social group to understand an individual

question

describe a study from the sociocultural perspective

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anglo-american vs. asian american children's performance on anagram tasks. 3 conditions: children chose task, experimenter chose task, or mom chose task. Personal choice enhanced motivation for anglo-american children , but asian-american children were more motivated when their mom chose.

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describe a study from the evolutionary perspective

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test of paternity uncertainy. A father can never be 100% sure a child is his. In a study, students felt least close to their father's father.

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social learning perspective

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looks to one's past learning experience with reward and punishment to understand current behavior

question

social cognitive perspective

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looks at one's mental processes involved in noticing, interpreting, and remembering social events

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what is an example of a study from the social learning perspective?

answer

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study; violent video game study: researchers had students play 1 of two video games (one was violent, the other was not violent). Students who played a violent video game demonstrated significantly higher levels of retaliatory aggression.

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What is an exampl of a study from the social cognitive perspective?

answer

Asked students to describe present self and past self. Then they counted the number of negative and positive adjectives for now vs. then. Students described their present selves as champs, with more positive and fewer negative features than the chumps they used to be

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person

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the features you bring to a social situation

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situation

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the environmental circumstances outside of you

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people tend to underestimate the impact of the

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social situation

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What are the three properties of scientific inquiry?

answer

systematic empiricism, public verification, testability

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Systematic empiricism

answer

practice of relying on careful, organized observations to answer questions about our world

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Public verification

answer

practice of presenting our theories and findings to the public

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Testability

answer

hypotheses have to be falsifiable

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descriptive method

answer

procedure fro measuring or recording behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in their natural state

question

what are some examples of descriptive methods?

answer

naturalistic observations, case studies, archival studies, surveys, and psychological tests

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What are the three advantages of descriptive methods?

answer

(1) lots of real world data (2) good way to start out research program (3) natural setting

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What is the disadvantage of descriptive methods?

answer

cannot make statements about cause/effect relationships

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Experimental strategy

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Examine the effects of variables on thoughts, behaviors, and emotions by systematically exposing people to various levels of those causal variables

question

What is the advantage of the experimental strategy?

answer

It shows cause and effect relationships

question

What is the disadvantage of an experimental strategy?

answer

artificial environment

question

confound

answer

a variable that systematically changes along with the IV, potentially leading to a mistaken conclusion about the effect of the IV

question

external validity

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the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances

question

demand characteristic

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cue that makes participants aware of how the experimenter wants them to behave

question

quasi-experiment

answer

the "causal" variable cannot be varied or controlled (only natural occurring) ex. does smoking cause cancer?

question

theories help

answer

connect and organize existing observations and suggest fruitful paths for future research

question

social behavior is _____ oriented

answer

goal

question

ethical issues for researchers include

answer

(1) invasion of privacy and (2) potential harm to subjects

question

case studies study the _____ in order to gain insight on more ____ behavior

answer

abnormal; normal/typical

question

field experiment

answer

same as laboratory experiment, but subjects are in a natural setting

question

problems with the survey method

answer

(1) people who respond may not be representative of the larger population (2) Participants may be biased or untruthful in their responses (3) social desirability bias (4) people may not remember (5) how we ask a question can affect the answer (ex. crash vs. hit)

question

random sampling

answer

each individual in the population has an equal chance of ending up in the research

question

three features of experiments

answer

(1) manipulation of IV (2) random assignment (3) experimental control

question

random assignment

answer

occurs when each person in an experiment has an equal chance of ending up in any of the conditions

question

field experiments have high ______

answer

external validity

question

What are researchers bound by?

answer

(1) APA Guidebook of Ethical Principles (2) Federal Guidelines (3) state and local laws (4) personal morals

question

What is research at universities supervised by?

answer

An IRB (Institutional Review Board)

question

Which perspective best explains the following behavior? "You pass by a homeless person and at that moment remember the parable of the Good Samaritan. You then give the homeless person some money."

answer

social cognitive

question

Which method would a researcher use to try and find out why over-achievers get fired from their jobs more so than underachievers?

answer

A case study

question

observer bias

answer

error introduced into measurement when an observer overemphasizes behaviors he expects to find and fails to notice behavior he does not expect

question

realistic group conflict theory

answer

the proposal that intergroup conflict, and negative prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources

question

social dominance orientation

answer

the extent to which a person desires that his or her own group dominate other groups and be socially and materially superior to them

question

People who report being religious tend to be more _____ than those that are not

answer

prejudiced

question

extrinsic religiosity

answer

religious worship is seen as an opportunity to make friends, gain status, or find support during difficult times

question

_____ religious people are more prejudiced than nonreligious people

answer

extrinsically

question

Intrinsic religiosity

answer

living a religion and internalizing its teachings

question

_____ religious people may be more concerned with appearing tolerant than with actually being tolerant

answer

intrinsically

question

fundamentalism

answer

a certainty in the absolute truth of one's religious beliefs

question

Individuals who score high on _____ scales tend to possess more prejudiced views

answer

fundamentalist

question

quest religiosity

answer

religion is a never-ending person journey towards truth

question

_____ individuals exhibit few prejudices

answer

quest-oriented

question

injunctive norms tell us

answer

what we ought to do

question

descriptive norms tell us

answer

what people actually do and feel

question

prejudice

answer

a generalized attitude towards members of a social category

question

stereotype

answer

generalized belief about members of a group

question

discrimination

answer

BEHAVIORS directed towards people on the basis of their own group membership

question

Stereotype Threat

answer

the fear of confirming others' negative stereotypes about one's group

question

minimal intergroup paradigm

answer

an experimental procedure in which short-term, arbitrary, artificial groups are created to explore the foundations of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination

question

Conformity Seeking

answer

People with conformist tendencies are more likely to express the negative prejudices expressed by others

question

Self-monitoring

answer

High self-monitors are more likely to express stereotypical views if they think it socially appropriate.

question

______ who are uncertain of being accepted in the ingroup, are especially likely to express hostility towards outgroups.

answer

Newcomers

question

Five necessary stages of helping

answer

(1)Notice the incident (seminary students under time pressures); (2) Interpret the incident as an emergency requiring help (3) Assume personal responsibility; (4) Determine how to help (5) Actually provide help

question

exemplars

answer

specific instances from a category

question

schemas

answer

general information about a category

question

motivations

answer

forces propelling us towards desired outcomes

question

pluralistic ignorance

answer

doing what everyone else does (even though you know you shouldn't do it)

question

motive

answer

a high-level goal fundamental to social survival

question

attention

answer

the process of consciously focusing on aspects of our environment or ourselves

question

counterfactual thinking

answer

the process of imagining alternative, "might have been," events

question

reflected appraisal process

answer

the process through which people come to know themselves by observing or imagining how others view them

question

self-concept

answer

knowledge about who we are

question

self-esteem

answer

the attitude we have toward ourselves

question

reflected appraisal

answer

observing or imagining how others view us

question

social comparison

answer

comparing ourselves to others

question

self-perception

answer

observing our own behavior to infer their own internal characteristics

question

Together, what creates the foundation for our experiences and expressions of feelings?

answer

genes and culture

question

Socialization is the process through which a culture teaches its members about its

answer

customs and habits

question

social identity

answer

the beliefs and feelings we have toward the groups to which we see ourselves belonging

question

authoritarianism

answer

the tendency to submit to those having greater authority and denigrate those having less authority

question

Ingroup identification

answer

People who are more strongly identified with their groups discriminate more against members of other groups.

question

____ often produces ingroup biases and outgroup discrimination.

answer

failure

question

Realist group conflict theory

answer

Idea that intergroup conflict emerges out of actual competition between groups for desire resources

question

The Robbers Cave Study is an example of

answer

realist group conflict theory

question

dispositional inferences

answer

the judgment that a person's behavior has been caused by an aspect of that person's personality

question

Correspondent inference theory

answer

Proposes that people determine whether a behavior corresponds to an actor's internal disposition by asking whether (1) the behavior was intended (2) the behavior's consequences were foreseeable (3) the behavior was freely chosen (4) the behavior occurred despite countervailing forces

question

who tends to commit the fundamental attribution error more?

answer

collectivistic individuals

question

ingratiation

answer

we want others to like us

question

Self-monitoring

answer

The tendency to be chronically concerned with one's public image and adjust one's actions to fit the needs of the current situation

question

achievement motivation

answer

interested in competence motivation for intrinsic reasons, that is, because gaining mastery is interesting and challenging

question

Competence motivation

answer

the desire to perform effectively

question

The cognitive response model

answer

a theory that locates the most direct cause of persuasion in the self-talk of the persuasion target

question

elaboration likelihood model

answer

a model of persuasive communication that holds there are two routes to attitude change - the central route and the peripheral route

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