Social Psychology (9th edition) Aronson/Wilson/Akert/Sommers Chapter 3 – Flashcards
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How people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgements and decisions.
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Social Cognition
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Thinking that is non conscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless; A type of social cognition that forms lightning-quick first impressions "without thinking"
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Automatic Thinking
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A type of social cognition that is effortful and deliberate; thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful; usually takes over when something unusual happens
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Controlled Thinking
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Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember; they fill in the gaps of our knowledge (structures heavily effected by culture)
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Schemas
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A mental disorder that leads people to lose the ability to form new memories and must approach every situation as if they were encountering it for the first time (a lack of schemas)
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Korsakov's Syndrome
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The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when making judgments about the social world (can increase due to past experience, relatability to current goals, or priming)
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Accessibility
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the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept.
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Priming
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The case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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Mental shortcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently, usually work but sometimes lead to costly errors
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Judgemental Heuristics
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Forms of automatic thinking using cultural associations that prime how we view a situation (or build/choose our schemas), like how cleanliness is associated with trust, or a heavy clipboard causes participants to report opinions with more WEIGHT...
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Priming Metaphors
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A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgement on the ease with which they can bring something to mind (about themselves and other people)
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Availability Heuristic
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A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case (pretty darn close to a stereotype)
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Representativeness Heuristic
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Information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population (often not used enough in comparison to availability and representative strategies, leading to errors in judgement)
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Base Rate Information
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When given very ambiguous results on a personality test, we assume it describes us well because we can think of times when we fit that description.
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"Barnum Effect"
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A type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context; this type of thinking is common in Western cultures
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Analytic Thinking Style
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A type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other; this type of thinking is common in East Asian cultures
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Holistic Thinking Style
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Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been (Waukesha north game)
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Counterfactual Thinking
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The fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgements (can be improved with teaching better logic (through classes per se), or through forcing acknowledgment of opposing views, or breaking the awareness barrier)
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Overconfidence Barrier
