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Social perception

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The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people

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Strategic Self-Presentation

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Trying to create a certain impression of you in someone else's mind

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Self-Verification

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I want other people to see me the way I see myself

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Affect blend

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A facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion

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6 cultural differences in nonverbal understanding

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eye contact/gaze, personal space/touching, head and hand gestures, thumbs up gesture, hand purse gesture, nodding head

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Self-perception Theory

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The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer the states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

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Display rules

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Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display

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Emblems

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Nonverbal gestures that have well understood definitions within a given culture (usually have direct verbal translations)

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Self-Monitoring

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The degree to which we pay attention to the self-presentation in any given situation. High self-monitoring is a different self to different people. Low- you're the same with everyone

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Attribution

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The way in which people explain the causes of their own behavior and other people's behavior

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Encoding vs. Decoding

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Encoding is to express or emit nonverbal behavior such a smiling or patting and decoding is to interpret the meaning of these nonverbal behaviors

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5 emotions, besides the six major emotions, are readily identifiable in facial expressions across cultures?

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Contempt, Anxiety, Shame, Pride, Embarrassment

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What is 'correspondent inference theory'(by Jones & Davis, 1965)?

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People develop causal explanations (attributions) of the behavior of others swayed by such factors as the voluntary nature of that behavior and the social desirability of it.

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Snyder et al. (1977) experiment on behavioral confirmation

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heterosexual male and female college students told to converse with each other over an intercom. Researcher said he's studying syntax. He pulled out a polaroid and showed male participant a picture of a female rated most attractive or least attractive and told him that's who he was talking to. Guys with attractive woman were funny, interesting, and open ended. Women responded the same way. Guys with least attractive were cold, disinterested, and gave one word answers. Women responded the same.

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Asch (1946) experiment on Primacy effect

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holds two classes with guest speaker. He describes speaker as friendly, outgoing, intelligent, egotistical, neurotic, and selfish. Reversed order for other class. Positive first- said he gave a great speech. Negative first- said he was an awful speaker

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What is Kelly's "covariation theory"?

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By discovering covariation in people's behavior you are able to reach a judgment about what caused the behavior

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Fundamental Attribution Error (two main explanations)

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The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to internal dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors

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Jones & Harris (1967) - "Castro Study" studied fundamental attribution error

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college students are asked to read essay written by fellow student that either supported or opposed Fidel Castro's rule in Cuba and then guess how the author of the essay really felt about Castro. Some were told author chose position, while others were told position was assigned. Participants still, however assumed the author really believed what he wrote

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Ross (1977) - "Game Show Study"

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One participant was chosen to be game show host, three were chosen to be contestants, the rest were assigned the role of audience members. After a few rounds they were all asked who the most intelligent was. Both the audience and participants said the host. But, the host said they were equal to the participants.

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Implicit personality theory

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Assumptions about personality that are held by people to simplify the task of understanding others.

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Bias blind spot:

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cognitive bias of failing to compensate for one's own cognitive biases

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Belief in a just world:

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Good things happen to good people, you get what you deserve

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Actor-Observer effect

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Think other's behavior is due to personality, but our own behavior is determined by the situation

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Self-concept

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the whole set of attitudes, opinions, and cognitions that a person has of himself

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Self-schemas

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A belief or idea about oneself that leads to a bias that is self-perpetuating. It could consist of a particular role in society or a generalization based on social stereotypes.

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Terror management theory

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the theory that holds that self-esteem serves as a buffer protecting people from terrifying threats to their own mortality

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Looking-glass self

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We see ourselves and the social world through the eyes of other people and often adopt those views

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Upward social comparison

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Comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

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Downward social comparison

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Comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

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Intra- vs. inter-group comparisons

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...

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Over justification effect

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The tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, by making them underestimate the extent to which it is caused by intrinsic reasons

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James' concept of the "known self"

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Many selves- material (body and possessions), social (the me I show people), spiritual (traits and values)

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Possible selves

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Positive- Things you could be in the future, Negative-Someone you don't want to be; motivate all behavior at any given moment

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Interdependent vs. independent view of the self

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Interdependent view is a way of defining oneself in terms of ones relationships in terms of other people, recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others, but independent view is defining oneself in terms of self

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Self-esteem

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Peoples evaluation of their own self-worth

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Self-handicapping

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The strategy where by people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task they can avoid blaming themselves

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Nisbett & Wilson research on "telling more than we can know"

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Peoples explanations of their feelings and behavior often go beyond what the can reasonably know

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Social comparison theory

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The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

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Self-Awareness Theory

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The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values

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Positive illusions

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unrealistically favorable attitudes that people have towards themselves

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Basking in Reflected Glory

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an individual associates themself with successful others such that another's success becomes their own

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Reasons-generated attitude change

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Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons of ones attitude; people assume that their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize

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Self-perception theory

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the theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous we infer the states by observing our behavior in the situation it occurs

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Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation

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Intrinsic motivation is the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting as appose to extrinsic where we engage because of external rewards or pressures

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Schacter's Two-Factor theory of emotion

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The idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it

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Schacter & Singer Experiment (1962) on 2-factor theory

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Experimenter says he's studying effects on people's vision of a vitamin called Suproxin. After injected with vitamin (actually either epinephrine or placebo), experimenter asks you to wait and fill out questionnaire. A confederate pretends to be participant angered by questionnaire. Participants injected with epinephrine acted more angrily. Participants notified that injection would cause increased heart rate or flushing were not angered

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Misattribution of arousal

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The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do

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Dutton & Aron (1974) experiment on attraction on a rope bridge

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An attractive woman was sent to give a questionnaire to men in two settings. The first groups were in the middle of crossing 450-ft long suspension bridge that spanned a canyon. Because of their increased arousal while crossing the bridge they mistook their arousal as caused by the woman. The second group was approached after they crossed the bridge and had a chance to relax. Their arousal levels were low. A lot of the first group called the woman later to ask her for a date

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Fixed vs. Growth mindset

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Fixed mindset is the idea that we have a set amount of inability that cannot change, while growth is the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow

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Social Tuning

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The process whereby people adopt another person's attitude

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Self-discrepancy theory

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individuals experience anxiety when they feel they have not fulfilled their duties and obligations, but experience dejection when they feel they have not fulfilled their hopes and aspirations

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Private vs. public self-consciousness

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Private self-consciousness is the tendency to focus on oneself from a personal vantage point and focus on aspects of the self that are not apparent to others. Public self-consciousness is the tendency to focus on oneself from the vantage point of others and to attend to aspects of the self that are observable by others

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Self-efficacy

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a person's belief in his or her ability to complete a future task or solve a future problem

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