question

In one of the first social psychological experiments ever conducted, researcher Norman Triplett examined the records of teams of cyclists. He found that cyclists who raced against each other ____ than those who raced alone (against the clock). a. were more aggressive after the race b. got into more accidents c. cycled more quickly d. enjoyed the race less

answer

c

question

In one of the first social psychological experiments ever conducted, researcher Norman Triplett built a \"competition machine,\" in which children wind up a fishing reel. He found that the children were able to wind more quickly when ____. a. they worked as a group side by side than when they worked alone b. they worked alone than when they worked as a group side by side c. they were explicitly asked to work as fast as possible d. they were explicitly asked to take their time to \"get it right\"

answer

a

question

Based on early research by Norman Triplett, we should expect that children who work on math problems alone will ____ than children who work on math problems side by side with their classmates. a. work more slowly b. work more quickly c. second-guess themselves less d. second-guess themselves more

answer

a

question

Based on early research by Norman Triplett with racing cyclists, we should expect that people who exercise on rowing machines at gyms are more likely to ____ than people who exercise on the same machines in the privacy of their homes. a. burn more calories b. burn less calories c. feel a sense of accomplishment d. feel a sense of failure

answer

a

question

In one of the first social psychological experiments ever conducted, researcher Max Ringlemann observed men as they pulled on a rope either alone, as part of a small group, or as part of a large group. He found that as the size of the group increased, ____. a. individual effort increased b. individual effort decreased c. the task took longer to complete d. the task took less time to complete

answer

b

question

Suppose that you own a rowboat and enjoy going rowing on a nearby lake in the summer. In June, you are planning to go rowing with two of your friends (three people total in the boat), and in July, you are planning to go rowing with just one friend (two people total in the boat). Will you put in more effort (row harder) on the three-person trip or on the two-person trip? a. You will put in more effort on the three-person trip. b. You will put in more effort on the two-person trip. c. You will put in the same amount of effort on both trips. d. It is impossible to say—no research has examined this question.

answer

b

question

Given Max Ringlemann's early research looking at group size and individual effort, should we expect Student X to put in a different amount of effort depending on whether she worked on a history project in a five-person group rather than a two-person group? a. Yes, we should expect her to work harder in the five-person group. b. Yes, we should expect her to work harder in the two-person group. c. No, we should expect her to work equally hard in both groups. d. It is impossible to say; it appears that there are no predictable patterns regarding group size and individual effort.

answer

b

question

Early research in social psychology conducted by Max Ringlemann revealed that people ____ when they work as part of a group (e.g., pushing a car off of the road with two other people) compared to when they work alone at the same task. a. do not work as hard b. work harder c. feel like they are doing more work d. feel like they are doing less work

answer

a

question

The first social psychological experiments and the publication of the first book to bear the title Social Psychology both occurred around ____. a. 400 A.D. b. 1750 c. 1900 d. 1965

answer

c

question

During the first half of the 20th century, who argued that attitudes were the most important and useful concept in social psychology? a. Kurt Lewin b. Max Ringlemann c. Norman Triplett d. Gordon Allport

answer

d

question

Who proposed the idea that behavior is a function of both the person and the situation in the first half of the 20th century? a. Max Ringlemann b. Norman Triplett c. Kurt Lewin d. Gordon Allport

answer

c

question

You want to ask your friend Maya to help you with your sorority's float for the competition in the homecoming parade next week. Maya is extremely reliable and trustworthy, but she is totally swamped with her internship and upcoming midterm exams. You decide not to ask her since she might be too busy to follow through. According to Kurt Lewin's analysis of human behavior, knowing that Maya is reliable is an example of \"____\" information, and knowing she is busy is an example of \"____\" information. a. person; situation b. situation; person c. social; nonsocial d. nonsocial; social

answer

a

question

In the history of psychology and social psychology, the late 1800s and early 1900s marked ____. a. the very first social psychological experiments b. the era in which social psychology came into its own—breaking away from behaviorism and Freudian psychoanalysis c. the beginnings of research in social cognition d. the beginnings of research in social neuroscience

answer

a

question

When did social psychology begin to come into its own as a field? a. The 1950s and 1960s b. The 1970s and 1980s c. The 1990s d. The early 2000s

answer

A

question

Milgram's famous studies of obedience to authority were motivated by which historical event? a. The Holocaust b. The fall of Communism c. The return of soldiers from Desert Storm d. The Great Depression

answer

A`

question

Today, both funded and unfunded studies conducted at universities must first obtain ____ approval. a. ABPP b. IRB c. APA d. ERB

answer

B

question

Which of the following elements is particularly critical to include in a deception study, but is not usually required in other types of studies? a. IRB approval b. demand characteristics c. complete debriefing d. informed consent

answer

C

question

Dr. Puni does not want the participants in his study to be aware of his hypothesis. What will he strive to reduce in his study? a. The margin of error b. Divergent validity c. Measurement validity d. Demand characteristics

answer

D

question

In the 1950s and 1960s, mainstream psychology was divided between two main theoretical camps: ____. a. trait theory and behaviorism b. Freudian psychoanalysis and humanism c. humanism and trait theory d. behaviorism and Freudian psychoanalysis

answer

D

question

In the 1950s and 1960s, mainstream psychology was divided between ____. a. behaviorism and existentialism b. Freudian psychoanalysis and existentialism c. behaviorism and Freudian psychoanalysis d. existentialism and the phenomenological approach

answer

C

question

Behaviorism seeks to explain human behavior in terms of ____. a. basic biological drives such as hunger and thirst b. broad environmental influences such as historical time period and geography c. culture d. learning principles such as rewards and punishments

answer

D

question

How are social psychologists generally similar to behaviorists? a. They both tend to favor experiments and the scientific method. b. They are both interested in the mind, thoughts, and emotions. c. They are both originally rooted in psychoanalytic theory. d. They are both interested in the unconscious mind.

answer

A

question

Social psychologists are generally similar to Freudian psychoanalysts in that they both ____. a. are more interested in abnormal behavior than in normal behavior b. tend to favor experiments and the scientific method c. are primarily interested in external behaviors rather than the internal workings of the mind d. have an interest in thoughts and feelings as well as behaviors

answer

D

question

While social psychologists are interested in a wide variety of topics, three themes that have become increasingly important during the last 30 years are ____. a. psychoanalysis, meditation, and hypnosis b. economic behavior, political behavior, and criminal behavior c. social cognition, biological influences on behavior, and the self

answer

C

question

Which topic has been of the MOST interest to social psychologists during the last 30 years? a. Social cognition—concerned with how people think about other people and how people think about the social world in general b. Behaviorism—concerned with basic principles of learning such as reward and punishment c. The idea that modern life makes people vulnerable to alienation and exploitation d. The idea that people act less on the basis of firm moral principles than they do on the basis of conformity, or \"following the crowd\"

answer

A

question

Following the collapse of the Soviet empire in 1989, social psychology's focus on conflict ____. a. remained unchanged b. emphasized racial/ethnic conflict c. lessened d. increased

answer

B

question

Social psychology is best defined as the study of ____. a. how we learn to behave in accordance with the rules of society b. how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected by other people c. how cultures are created d. how societies and social groups work

answer

B

question

As a rule, social psychologists are MOST interested in ____. a. normal adult human beings b. severe mental illness c. normal childhood development d. diagnoses in abnormal behavior

answer

A

question

In social psychology, the \"ABC triad\" consists of ____. a. attitudes, beliefs and commitments b. ambiances, biology, and culture c. affects, behaviors and cognitions d. attributions, boundaries, and corrections

answer

C

question

In psychology, an \"affect\" is most similar to ____. a. an emotion or mood b. a belief or attitude c. a behavior or reaction d. a motivating force or drive

answer

A

question

Which of the following is an example of an \"emotion\"? a. A case study b. A nervous twitch c. Happiness d. Political activism

answer

C

question

When psychologists talk about \"cognitions,\" they are typically referring to ____. a. unconscious motivations b. thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes c. abnormal thoughts or experiences (e.g., delusions) d. emotions or feelings

answer

B

question

Which of the following is the best example of \"cognition\"? a. Enduring an auditory hallucination b. Having a hunger pang c. Thinking that you are a valuable employee d. Exhibiting a nervous twitch

answer

C

question

Martin believes that his blue coat is warmer than his red coat. Ted thinks that he might want to have kids sometime in the next few years. Yesi remembers playing baseball with her friends as a child. These are all examples of ____. a. delusions b. schemas c. affects d. cognitions

answer

D

question

When attempting to explain a person's behavior, what do social psychologists tend to assess first? a. The person's unconscious motivations b. The person's personality c. The person's situation d. The person's childhood

answer

C

question

Social psychology focuses especially on the power of ____. a. genetics b. reinforcement c. situations d. unconscious

answer

C

question

Ed just stole $50 from his parents. In assessing Ed's motives, which of the following questions would a social psychologist be MOST likely to ask? a. Is Ed unconsciously motivated to hurt his parents? b. Is Ed a person with a weak moral character? c. Does Ed have friends or other role models who are also stealing? d. Is Ed mentally healthy enough to realize what he has done?

answer

C

question

Most social psychologists perform research by ____. a. engaging in historical analyses b. conducting case studies (individual interviews) c. conducting experiments d. using nonexperimental observational methods

answer

C

question

Which of the following fields is best defined as \"the study of human culture—the shared values, beliefs, and practices of a group of people\"? a. History b. Political science c. Social psychology d. Anthropology

answer

D

question

Which of the following fields is MOST concerned with understanding different human cultures? a. Economics b. Political science c. Social psychology d. Anthropology

answer

D

question

Anthropologists would posit that social psychologists cannot understand human behavior fully unless they understand the ____. a. genetic makeup of the populations under study b. relationship between humans and animals c. biological basis of the behavior d. cultural context in which that behavior occurs

answer

D

question

The social psychological theory known as \"social exchange theory\" is based MOST obviously on which of the following other social sciences? a. Economics b. History c. Political science d. Anthropology

answer

A

question

Which of the following fields is concerned with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services? a. Anthropology b. History c. Economics d. Political science

answer

C

question

With which of the following social sciences has social psychology had the LEAST interaction until recently? a. Sociology b. Anthropology c. Economics d. History

answer

D

question

Laela is interested in studying how our thoughts and behaviors are influenced by the groups to which we belong. Laela's work will MOST closely intersect with which other social science? a. Economics b. Sociology c. Neuroscience d. History

answer

B

question

Johnna is examining how attitudes predict voting behavior. Her research will MOST likely involve an intersection of social psychology and what other social science? a. Anthropology b. Sociology c. Political science d. Economics

answer

C

question

Political science is BEST described as the study of ____. a. organizations and institutions, especially governments b. human societies and groups that form those societies c. past events d. human culture

answer

A

question

Which of the following fields is BEST defined as \"the study of human societies and the groups that form those societies\"? a. Anthropology b. Political Science c. Sociology d. Psychology

answer

C

question

Dr. Otten studies the relationship between crime rates and childrearing practices. Dr. Otten is MOST likely a(n) ____. a. anthropologist b. economist c. sociologist d. social psychologist

answer

C

question

Although sociologists and social psychologists are both interested in group behavior, sociologists tend to focus on ____, whereas social psychologists tend to focus on ____. a. individual members within the group; the group as a single unit b. the group as a single unit; individual members within the group c. how groups are unique; how various groups are similar to one another d. how various groups are similar to one another; how groups are unique

answer

B

question

According to the simile in your text, if psychology is like a tree, then social psychology is like ____. a. the stump b. one of the branches c. a leaf d. a root

answer

B

question

What do we call the field that combines the interests of social and biological psychology? a. Neuroscience b. Physiological psychology c. Social neuroscience d. Social cognition

answer

C

question

Which of the following fields is LEAST focused on what happens in the brain, nervous system, and other bodily processes? a. Biological psychology b. Physiological psychology c. Neuroscience d. Social neuroscience

answer

D

question

At what point in the history of social psychology did social psychologists become interested in the biological aspects of social behavior? a. 1960s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s

answer

D

question

How has the textbook described the historical relationship between clinical psychology and social psychology? a. Clinical psychology grew out of social psychology. b. Both clinical psychology and social psychology grew out of cognitive psychology. c. The two fields have historically been at odds and argued with one another. d. The two fields have historically exchanged ideas and viewpoints.

answer

D

question

Within psychology, ____ typically focus on \"abnormal\" behavior (e.g., mental disorders and behavioral disorders). a. only clinical psychologists b. both clinical psychologists and personality psychologists c. only personality psychologists d. psychologists from all branches of psychology

answer

A

question

Dr. Kay researches the effectiveness of different therapies for treating severe anxiety disorders. He is MOST likely a ____. a. personality psychologist b. clinical psychologist c. cognitive psychologist d. Freudian psychoanalyst

answer

B

question

Which branch of psychology is primarily concerned with thought processes (e.g., how memory works and what people notice)? a. Developmental psychology b. Social psychology c. Cognitive psychology d. Biological psychology

answer

C

question

In recent years, what has emerged as an important subfield of social psychology that explores the ways in which people think about social situations? a. Cognitive sociology b. Social cognition c. Cognitive psychology d. Socioneurology

answer

B

question

Which of the following topics would a cognitive psychologist be MOST likely to study? a. The heritability of depression b. Male-female differences in sexual behavior c. How people learn to memorize complex musical compositions d. Altruistic behavior among chimpanzees

answer

C

question

Which of the following topics is a personality psychologist MOST likely to study? a. The development of schizophrenia b. Gender differences in the acquisition of language skills c. Individual differences in leadership ability d. Cross-cultural differences in mating and courtship behaviors

answer

C

question

Until recently, what was the relationship between developmental and social psychology? a. The two subfields mutually influenced each other. b. Developmental psychology tended to draw more on social psychology. c. Social psychology tended to draw more on developmental psychology. d. The two fields had relatively little influence on each other.

answer

B

question

The study of how people change across their lives from conception to death is the purview of ____. a. developmental psychology b. cognitive psychology c. clinical psychology d. biological psychology

answer

A

question

Dr. Gem studies individual differences in introversion (a trait similar to shyness). Dr. Gem is MOST likely a _____ psychologist. a. social b. personality c. clinical d. developmental

answer

B

question

Which of the following branches of psychology is MOST closely affiliated with social psychology? a. Developmental psychology b. Clinical psychology c. Personality psychology d. Biological psychology

answer

C

question

The top research journals in social psychology have substantial overlap, content-wise, with which of the following? a. Developmental psychology b. Clinical psychology c. Personality psychology d. Biological psychology

answer

C

question

In recent years, the line between social psychology and ____ has become especially blurred. a. developmental psychology b. biological psychology c. clinical psychology d. personality psychology

answer

D

question

According to the textbook, what is one major reason people study social psychology? a. It is fun and interesting, and can help make the world a better place. b. It provides an important foundation for understanding clinical psychology. c. It helps people overcome their personal problems. d. It is an easy topic to understand.

answer

A

question

According to the textbook, the key distinction between philosophy and psychology is the fact that psychology ____. a. is concerned with observable phenomena (e.g., behaviors) rather than unobservable phenomena (e.g., thoughts) b. is concerned with unobservable phenomena (e.g., thoughts) rather than observable phenomena (e.g., behaviors) c. primarily relies on the scientific method d. primarily relies on the case study method

answer

C

question

According to the textbook, psychology can be thought of as a kind of \"experimental philosophy\" because psychology ____ while relying on the experimental method. a. addresses many of the same questions that interest philosophers b. is as popular today as philosophy was in ancient times c. also grew out of the mathematical sciences d. is also a highly controversial field

answer

A

question

Social scientists who focus on concrete problems—such as how to boost literacy rates in schools or how to increase energy conservation—are known as ____. a. counselors b. applied researchers c. industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologists d. social workers

answer

B

question

Dr. Hon is a researcher who studies methods for increasing condom usage among sexually active teens. Dr. Hon would probably be BEST described as a(n) ____. a. personality psychologist b. applied researcher c. social worker d. developmental psychologist

answer

B

question

Applied researchers are BEST defined as social scientists who ____. a. work in \"real life\" settings—such as in workplaces, schools, or zoos b. focus on concrete problems—such as how to boost literacy rates or how to increase water conservation c. seek to \"test out,\" or apply, others' theories rather than develop their own theories d. study the process of research itself—how researchers go about selecting research questions, conducting studies, and reporting findings

answer

B

question

Many areas of study in social psychology evoke a lot of passion from the researchers invested in that arena. Although doing research to make the world a better place is great motivation, one of the hazards of this motive is that ____. a. only correlational studies can be conducted b. ideals and political beliefs may cloud scientific judgment c. the research is hard to replicate d. the research will not be reported accurately

answer

B

question

When social psychologist Kurt Lewin said that \"there is nothing so practical as a good theory,\" he meant that ____. a. many theories are overly abstract; a good theory should be based on directly observable facts b. many theories are overly abstract; a good theory should make predictions about directly observable phenomena c. although they may seem impractical, theories can be very important in helping to stimulate practical ideas and practical research d. he was opposed to overly theoretical work and a major proponent of applied research

answer

C

question

Which of the following would a basic researcher MOST LIKELY study? a. A theory that explains the causes of aggression b. The plight of welfare mothers c. Why people don't wear seat belts d. How to get people to conserve electric power

answer

A

question

Basic research is to applied research as ____ is to ____. a. general; specific b. specific; general c. hard; easy d. easy; hard

answer

A

question

Consider the following two American adages, which seem to contradict one another: \"Birds of a feather flock together\" and \"opposites attract.\" The authors of the textbook would probably say that ____. a. this contradiction is an anomaly since Americans tend to be extremely single-minded in their \"common sense\" views about social psychology b. most people in the U.S. probably believe one of these adages to be true—but not both—since most people have very clear personal theories about social psychology c. the contradiction is not surprising at all, since \"common sense\" theories are often poorly defined, i.e., most people would probably say that both of these things are true (if you asked them at different times) d. most people would not see the contradiction if it were pointed out to them, since the average person is not a strong logical thinker

answer

C

question

According to the textbook, \"common sense\" theories about social psychology are ____. a. almost always wrong b. often misleading or contradictory c. very often correct d. very often correct when they have to do with dyadic (two-person) relationships, but usually wrong when they have to do with group behavior

answer

B

question

The scientific method used by social psychologists is ____. a. conceptually the same as the scientific method used by clinical psychologists, biologists, and chemists b. conceptually the same as the scientific method used by clinical psychologists, but fundamentally different from the scientific method used by biologists, chemists, and other \"hard scientists\" c. fundamentally different from the scientific method used in other fields d. conceptually the same as the scientific method used by clinical psychologists, biologists, and chemists—except for the fact that social psychologists do not usually use statistical significance testing

answer

A

question

The first step in the scientific method is to ____. a. state a problem for study b. state a hypothesis c. determine the research sample d. collect data

answer

A

question

The scientific method consists of approximately ____ basic steps. a. three b. five c. nine d. twelve

answer

B

question

Dr. Shar wants to test her theory that people feel less stressed after exercising. She measures students' stress levels and then has them perform 30 minutes of moderate exercise on a treadmill. After the treadmill segment, she measures their stress levels again. This is an example of a(n) ____ design. a. factorial b. between-subjects c. within-subjects d. survey

answer

C

question

\"An idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but not yet proven\" is known as a(n) ____. a. hypothesis b. theory c. ad hoc test d. independent variable

answer

A

question

A hypothesis is BEST described as a(n) ____. a. worldview b. educated guess c. random guess d. post-hoc explanation (an explanation that has the benefit of hindsight knowledge)

answer

B

question

What is a hypothesis? a. A statistical procedure b. An established scientific fact c. A testable prediction d. A type of sample

answer

C

question

In social psychology, researchers typically test hypotheses using the ____ confidence level. a. 80% b. 85% c. 90% d. 95%

answer

D

question

Social psychologists routinely test research hypotheses using the .05 level of significance. This means that so-called \"significant\" findings are actually \"flukes\" about ____ of the time. a. .05% b. 1% c. 5% d. 20%

answer

C

question

Social psychologists typically derive ____ based on ____. a. hypotheses; theories b. hypotheses; observations c. observations; hypotheses d. observations; theories

answer

A

question

If you conduct a study and predict that X causes Y, then X is the ____. a. internal variable b. external variable c. independent variable d. dependent variable

answer

C

question

If you conduct a study and predict that A causes B, then B is the ____. a. internal variable b. external variable c. independent variable d. dependent variable

answer

D

question

Dr. Khanmohamed is conducting a research project with young children to examine the effect of the exposure to different cultural groups on the development of empathy. The independent variable in this research is ____. a. young children b. exposure to different cultural groups c. empathy d. the development of empathy

answer

B

question

Dr. Tsuei is studying the effects of sleep deprivation on interpersonal skills. He is testing the interpersonal skills of 20-25 year-old males who have been sleep deprived for 24 hours, 36 hours, or 48 hours. In this study, the dependent variable is the ____. a. age of the research participants b. interpersonal skills of the research participants c. length of time that the research participants are deprived of sleep d. type of interpersonal skills test used in the study

answer

B

question

Suppose that you conducted an experiment to test the effects of violence in TV shows on the aggressiveness in children. The dependent variable in this study would be ____. a. how violent the TV shows were b. how many hours of violent shows the children needed to watch before they became violent c. how violent the parents of the children were d. how aggressive the children were

answer

D

question

Which of the following would be the BEST operational definition for tiredness? a. An increase in fantasies about sleeping b. The number of hours since one has last slept c. Irritability, poor motor skills, and weak concentration d. How tired someone looks

answer

B

question

In the context of research, an operational definition of a variable is a precise description of ____. a. how the variable will be defined (i.e., how it will be manipulated or measured) b. how data from the variable will be statistically analyzed c. what the variable is expected to \"do\" according to the research hypothesis (i.e., what results are expected from the variable) d. how the variable has been defined by researchers in past studies

answer

A

question

A(n) ____ is someone who works for a researcher by serving as an \"actor\" in the research (e.g., pretending to be another research participant, and being mean to other research participants in order to see how participants respond to meanness). a. confederate b. allied respondent c. infiltrator d. behaviorist

answer

A

question

In psychology, the word \"confederate\" is used to refer to ____. a. a research assistant who poses as a participant during the course of a research study in order to help create a certain situation b. a research participant who is purposely disruptive during a study (e.g., a participant who lies on questionnaires or refuses to complete an experimental task) c. a statistician or data analyst d. a prototypical research participant (i.e., the \"confederate response\" is a term used to refer to the \"average response\" or \"mean response\")

answer

A

question

Dr. Zink and Dr. Vasquez are designing a new study. They have come up with a good hypothesis for the study, but they are having trouble thinking of operational definitions for their variables. In other words, they are concerned that their research might be low in ____. a. internal validity b. external validity c. construct validity d. face validity

answer

C

question

True experiments have two key features that make them different from other studies. First, in a true experiment, the researcher manipulates (varies) one or more independent variables. Second, the researcher makes use of a. statistical testing. b. random assignment. c. interactions. d. priming.

answer

B

question

Dr. Pow is interested in whether exposure to TV advertisements has a different impact on girls' self-image than it does on boys' self-image. To examine this question, she conducts a quasi-experiment. Why doesn't Dr. Pow conduct a true experiment instead? a. She cannot conduct a true experiment, because people cannot be randomly assigned to be \"girls\" or \"boys.\" b. She cannot conduct a true experiment, because self-image is not directly observable. c. She could conduct a true experiment if she wanted to, but she probably has a very small sample size, so in this case a quasi-experiment is better. d. She could conduct a true experiment if she wanted to, but she is probably interested in \"real-life\" TV exposure (and probably doesn't want to manipulate this variable).

answer

A

question

Researchers tend to use quasi-experimental research designs when they are able to manipulate an independent variable but NOT able to ____. a. use random sampling b. use random assignment c. perform statistical tests on their results d. use more than 20 research participants

answer

B

question

A study is said to have internal validity if the researcher can be relatively confident that ____. a. the same results would occur if the experiment were replicated b. changes in the independent variable caused changes in the dependent variable c. the operational definitions used in the study were chosen well d. the sample was representative of the broader population of interest

answer

B

question

In a ____, the researcher is able to manipulate an independent variable but NOT able to use random assignment. a. field experiment b. quasi-experiment c. correlational study d. case study

answer

B

question

What is the main advantage of an experiment over a correlational study? a. Research participants are always representative of the population. b. The researcher is better able to draw conclusions about cause and effect. c. The researcher is able to study phenomena within their natural context. d. The researcher can use a much smaller sample size and still find a statistically significant result.

answer

B

question

Which of the following research designs allows researchers the MOST control over the variables they are studying? a. Quasi-experiments b. Laboratory experiments c. Field experiments d. Correlational studies

answer

B

question

If a study is high in internal validity, then the researcher can be fairly certain that changes in the ____ were indeed due to changes in the ____. a. construct validity of the cause; construct validity of the effect b. independent variable; dependent variable c. external variable; internal variable d. hypothesis; theory

answer

B

question

When a researcher conducts an experiment and is fairly certain that changes in the independent variable caused changes in the dependent variable, that experiment is said to be high in ____. a. construct validity b. construct validity of the effect c. internal validity d. external validity

answer

C

question

Jackson is interested in the effects of violent movies on aggressive behavior. He has some participants in his study watch Grand Torino (his \"violent\" movie) and others watch Marley and Me (his \"nonviolent\"movie). Unfortunately, in addition to these movies being very different in their violence level, they also differ in a lot of other ways (one is a comedy, the other isn't, and so forth). This means that Jackson's study has a ____. a. factorial design b. confound c. nonrandom assignment d. random assignment

answer

B

question

When the effects of two variables cannot be separated, ____ has been said to occur. a. confounding b. random assignment c. an interaction d. a main effect

answer

A

question

Using more than one exemplar of a stimulus (such as more than one violent video game in a study investigating violent video content on aggression) is known as ____. a. stimulus sampling b. meta-analysis c. factorial design d. the interaction effect

answer

A

question

When an experiment includes more than one independent variable, it is using a(n) ____. a. meta-analysis b. factorial design c. main effect d. interaction effect

answer

B

question

In an experiment on the effects of communication on cooperation, researchers observed higher rates of cooperation if members were able to communicate with each other prior to doing the cooperative task than if they were not allowed prior communication. This illustrates a(n) ____ effect of communication on cooperation. a. meta-analytic b. correlational c. main d. interaction

answer

B

question

The effect of a single independent variable by itself, ignoring the effects of other independent variables, is called a(n) ____. a. correlation coefficient b. confound c. interaction effect d. main effect

answer

D

question

An interaction effect refers to the ____. a. joint effects of more than one independent variable b. effect of a single independent variable by itself c. linear relationship between two variables d. probability that differences between two variables are due to a statistical fluke

answer

A

question

Suppose that a researcher asked you to answer a series of incredibly personal questions about your sexual life. You might (justifiably) feel annoyed and intruded upon, and find yourself being rude to the researcher, or even purposely giving the researcher incorrect information. Your response would be an example of ____. a. experimental realism b. confederate behavior c. mundane realism d. reactance

answer

D

question

The term \"reactance\" is used to refer to the tendency for people to ____. a. revert to simplistic, childlike ways of dealing with situations when they are under stress b. try to \"look good\" or say the \"right\" thing when their behavior is being observed c. pretend to feel the opposite of how they are really feeling when they are ashamed or embarrassed about their true feelings d. have an unpleasant emotional response when others are trying to restrict their freedom

answer

D

question

When experiments are conducted outside of the laboratory, in real-world settings, they are called ____. a. correlational studies b. field experiments c. quasi-experiments d. deception studies

answer

B

question

Can correlational studies or experiments ever be conducted outside of the laboratory? a. No, both of these types of studies are always performed in the lab. b. Correlational studies can be conducted inside the laboratory or out in the \"real world,\" but experiments are always conducted in the lab. c. Correlational studies are always conducted in the \"real world\" (not the lab) and experiments are always conducted in the lab (not the \"real world\"). d. Both correlational studies and experiments can be performed in the lab or in the \"real world;\" when experiments are performed in the \"real world\" they are called field experiments.

answer

D

question

Suppose that a researcher decided to study everyday altruism towards men versus towards women by leaving (fake) fully addressed college applications in airport lobbies (identical except with male versus female applicant names), and then tracking the number of people who send in the application. What kind of study of this? a. A laboratory study b. A field experiment c. A correlational study d. A quasi-experiment

answer

B

question

Researchers often attempt to design studies that will be high in both experimental realism and mundane realism. However, ____. a. experimental realism is generally considered to be far more important. b. mundane realism is generally considered to be far more important. c. most researchers acknowledge that experimental realism is really only important when one is conducting a true experiment. d. most researchers acknowledge that mundane realism is almost impossible to achieve.

answer

A

question

If an experiment gets participants psychologically involved and engaged, but the setting does not resemble the real world, then the experiment would be said to be ____. a. low in experimental realism and low in mundane realism b. low in experimental realism and high in mundane realism c. high in experimental realism and low in mundane realism d. high in experimental realism and high in mundane realism

answer

C

question

If an experiment does NOT get participants psychologically involved and engaged, even though the setting of the experiment closely resembles the real world physically, then the experiment would be said to be ____. a. low in experimental realism and low in mundane realism b. low in experimental realism but high in mundane realism c. high in experimental realism but low in mundane realism d. high in experimental realism and high in mundane realism

answer

B

question

Compared to laboratory experiments, field experiments tend to be ____. a. low in internal validity and low in external validity b. low in internal validity and high in external validity c. high in internal validity and low in external validity d. high in internal validity and high in external validity

answer

B

question

If a study is high in external validity, then ____. a. the findings are likely to generalize to other people and other settings b. the researcher can confidently conclude that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables in the study c. participants are exposed to only one level of the independent variable d. participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable

answer

A

question

Dr. Hurtado and Dr. Yashari have recently conducted a study and found a positive correlation between music-listening and dancing ability: People who listen to lots of music tend to be excellent dancers. The correlation is statistically significant. Can they conclude that listening to music causes people to be better dancers? Why or why not? a. Yes, because there is a positive correlation b. Yes, because there is a statistically significant correlation c. No, because the evidence is correlational, not experimental d. No, because the correlation probably does not hold true for deaf people

answer

C

question

If you know that achievement is positively correlated with life satisfaction, then you can conclude that ____. a. one of two things MUST be true: either achievement causes life satisfaction OR life satisfaction causes achievement b. a third variable (such as commitment or passion) MUST cause both achievement and life satisfaction c. as achievement increases, happiness also increases d. the relationship between the two variables must be statistically significant

answer

C

question

There is a moderately strong, positive relationship between different forms of prejudice: People who are prejudiced against Group X also tend to be prejudiced against Group Y. Given this information, we should expect the correlation between anti-Jewish prejudice and anti-Asian prejudice to be about ____. a. .04 b. 0.4 c. 4.0 d. 40

answer

B

question

Psychologists typically use a statistic called ____ to denote the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. a. a p-value b. lambda c. coefficient alpha d. a correlation coefficient

answer

D

question

Correlation coefficients are statistics used to denote ____. a. the amount of variability in a dataset b. the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables c. the degree to which the difference between two arithmetic means is likely to have been due to chance d. the strength of the relationship among three or more variables

answer

B

question

Suppose that there is a perfect negative correlation between the amount of money that Jane spends and the amount of money that she has in her bank account: for every dollar that she spends, she has exactly one less dollar in her bank account (assuming no interest, fees, or credits). Thus the correlation between Jane's spending and savings can be represented as ____. a. r = -100 b. r = -1.00 c. r = 0.00 d. r = 100

answer

B

question

When there is no relationship between two variables, the correlation coefficient is ____. a. -100 b. -1 c. 0 d. +1.0

answer

C

question

Correlation coefficients are used to describe the relationship between two variables. They are usually denoted using the letter ____. a. n b. p c. r d. q

answer

C

question

A correlation coefficient communicates two pieces of information about the relationship between two variables: The ____ communicates the direction of the relationship, and the ____ communicates the strength of the relationship. a. value; sign b. sign; value c. slope; value d. sign; slope

answer

B

question

The main weakness with correlational research (as opposed to experimental research) is that ____. a. researchers cannot conduct tests of statistical significance b. researchers cannot draw conclusions about cause and effect c. correlational research tends to have low external validity d. correlational research tends to be low in mundane realism

answer

B

question

Compared to true experiments, MOST correlational studies are low in ____. a. internal validity b. external validity c. construct validity of the cause d. construct validity of the effect

answer

A

question

A literature review that averages together the statistical results from different studies conducted on the same topic is called a ____. a. factorial design b. meta-analysis c. replication d. correlational approach

answer

B

question

Mirena wants is interested in the effects of gender on aggression. She collects all the studies she can find that have been conducted on this topic, and averages their results to generate a big picture of what the findings in that area reveal. Mirena has conducted a ____. a. correlational study b. field experiment c. quasi-experiment d. meta-analysis

answer

D

question

The construct \"need for cognition\" measures how much a person likes to think deeply, evaluate arguments, and analyze ideas. Let us assume that people who are confident about their self-worth also have a higher \"need for cognition.\" Therefore, one would expect \"need for cognition\" to correlate positively with \"self-esteem.\" A study finding this to be the case MOST illustrates ____ validity. a. divergent b. face c. convergent d. measurement

answer

C

question

The construct \"need for cognition\" is a measure of how much a person likes to think deeply, evaluate arguments, and analyze ideas. Let us assume that the \"need for cognition\" is also thought to be characterized by unsociability. The construct \"love for connection\" is a measure of how much a person values the friendship of others. The \"love for connection\" is also thought to be characterized by sociability. A study finding that \"need for cognition\" is NOT related to \"love for connection\" MOST illustrates ____ validity. a. face b. divergent c. convergent d. measurement

answer

B

question

Kiki is participating in a study in which she completes a self-report of how much she identifies with conservative versus liberal political groups. One of the measures says \"I am a true Reaganite\" and another says \"I am a hippie at heart.\" Kiki must rate her level of agreement with each statement. As she fills out the report, she thinks, \"These statements are really effective in capturing whether I am right- or left-leaning.\" The fact that Kiki has this thought suggests that the measure has ____ validity. a. divergent b. convergent c. measurement d. face

answer

D

question

The ability of a measure to predict an outcome that should be related to the measure is ____ validity. a. convergent b. divergent c. measurement d. face

answer

C

question

Internal consistency is measured with a statistic called ____. a. the correlation coefficient b. Cronbach's α c. mean d. factorial design

answer

B

question

For which psychometric property must you have a person complete the measure in question more than one time? a. internal consistency reliability b. test-retest reliability c. convergent validity d. divergent validity

answer

B

question

Reliability is to ____ as validity is to ____. a. consistency; measuring what something claims to measure b. measuring what something claims to measure; consistency c. temporal consistency; internal consistency d. internal consistency; temporal consistency

answer

A

question

The measure of the amount of random sampling error in a survey's result is known as ____. a. r b. the p-value c. the correlation coefficient d. the margin of error

answer

D

question

Which of the following would constitute the BEST random sample of a university population? a. The residents who live in the dorms, which represents 70% of the university population b. The students who take classes during the day, which represents 85% of the university population c. The students whose names were drawn from a list of all students enrolled in classes, a sample representing 30% of the university population d. The students attending a popular athletic event, which represents 10% of the university population

answer

C

question

The textbook discusses the \"self-correcting nature of science\" as it applies to social psychology. The idea here is that, over time, erroneous conclusions are revised appropriately, because ____. a. most research in social psychology builds off of prior research relatively slowly and systematically b. common sense will override conclusions that are obviously incorrect c. most psychologists study a single topic for their entire careers, and will eventually notice if they made an error earlier in their careers d. every 20-30 years, researchers revisit old topics and replicate all of the old research

answer

A

question

Replication refers to ____. a. the joint effects of two or more independent variables b. the technique of meta-analysis c. repeating an experiment to see if the same results can be obtained d. an experimental setting seeming like the real-world

answer

C

question

Replication is an important part of ____. a. the self-correcting nature of science b. experimental design c. measuring a correlation d. experimental realism

answer

A

question

MOST research in social psychology is based on ____. a. prison inmates and the elderly b. adult samples from the general population c. high school student samples d. college student samples

answer

D

question

Most social psychologists ____. a. study prison inmates but are interested in normal adults in general b. study prison inmates but are interested in abnormal (mentally ill) adults in general c. study college students but are interested in normal adults in general d. study college students but are interested in abnormal (mentally ill) adults in general

answer

C

question

According to the textbook, social psychology's reliance on college student samples ____. a. is a serious problem—although it has not been discussed much among social psychologists b. is a serious problem—such that most social psychologists are now collaborating with anthropologists and sociologists in order to gain access to data from more diverse populations c. is a serious problem—so serious that many social psychology journals now refuse to publish papers that are solely based on college student samples d. is an issue that deserves continued attention, but not necessarily a serious problem for most social psychological research

answer

D

question

Most research in social psychology is based on Western European and Northern American samples, though some research has also been conducted in other areas of the world. Based on what is known to date, it appears to be reasonably safe to generalize social psychological research findings to the vast majority of ____. a. people living in the U.S. who are Caucasian b. people living in the U.S. c. people living in Western nations d. people from all cultures in the world

answer

C

question

Most social psychological research has been conducted in the U.S. and a few very similar nations. According to the textbook, how well do findings generalize to other cultures? a. With only one notable exception, no cross-cultural differences have been found in any area of social psychology. b. In general, there appear to be many large and important cross-cultural differences across areas of social psychology. c. In general, there appear to be many large and important cross-cultural differences for women, but very few cross-cultural differences for men. d. It is not yet known; not enough research has been replicated cross-culturally.

answer

D

question

MOST social psychological research has been conducted in ____. a. the U.S. and a few similar western European nations b. the U.S. and China c. England d. Austria and France

answer

A

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