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Condition one of capitialism

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the private ownership of property

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Condition two of captialism

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the pursuit of maximum profit

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Condition three of captialism

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Competition, based on the economic principles of supply and demand

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Condition four of capitialism

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A government policy of laissez-faire

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Structural Economic Transformation

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From agricultural to manufacturing From preindustrial to industrial From manufacturing to service and information From industrial to post industrial

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Globalization

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Globalization involves the processes by which everyone on Earth becomes increasingly interconnected economically, politically

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2 major changes of globalization

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offshoring & outsourcing

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offshoring

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the process when a company moves its production to another country

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outsourcing

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refers to taking a specific task a company was doing in-house and transferring it to an overseas company to save money

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Globalization and Jobs

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The move to low-wage economics has affected U.S. workers. Many have lost their jobs

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Sex

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refers to the biological differences between females and males

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Gender

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refers to the social and cultural patterns attached to women and men

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Causes of gender inequality

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The division between domestic and public spheres of activity gives different positions of advantage and disadvantage. Most models focus on the divisions of labor and power between women and men and the different value placed on their work. The shift to a capitalist economy widened the gap between the power and value men and women, and left men with the greater share of power.

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gender earnings gap

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Women workers earn less than men even when they work in similar occupations and have the same levels of education

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reasons for earnings gap

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Women are concentrated in lower-paying occupations. Women enter the labor force at different and lower-paying levels than men. Women tend to work less overtime than men. Sex discrimination rooted in assumptions about female and male workers

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structured gender inequality

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Occupational Distribution The labor force participation of women has increased dramatically.

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crime

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The political nature of the lawmaking and enforcement process has important implications

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crime rates

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Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), published yearly by the FBI They focus on traditional crimes and omit white-collar crimes, corporate crimes, organized crime, and political crimes. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Nationally representative survey of households. Includes crimes not reported to the police.

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Crime demographic class

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The bulk of people arrested for street crimes are undereducated, poor, unemployed or working at low-level jobs The crimes listed by the FBI are those of the lower classes

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Crime demographic gender

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Men are more likely to be both the offender and victim in a crime. Women's crime rate is increasing. Men commit murder at almost ten times the rate of women.

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Factor influencing drug laws

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Culture Drug laws and policies tend to reflect how people perceive drug use. Certain drugs have negative stereotypes and others do not.

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Factor influencing drug laws

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Interest Groups Approaches to controlling drug use have more to do with the power structure of society than with the inherent characteristics of the substance being controlled.

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War on drugs

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2 Fronts: stopping the flow of drugs into the U.S. using the criminal justice system to punish those who sell and use drugs within the country The war on drugs has cost taxpayers more than $1 trillion since 1970.

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No Child left behind

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States set their own proficiency benchmarks, with some setting high and others setting low standards. Because the federal government rewards those who meet the standards, states with high standards are punished, while states with low standards are unfairly rewarded. Race to the Top

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Family Economic Resources

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Poor families cannot afford private early development programs that prepare children for school. Children from affluent families benefit from home computers, travel experiences, visits to various cultural activities, and summer camps that hone their skills for school. Affluent parents can afford private tutoring for SAT preparation classes. They can also afford psychologists and medical doctors who can detect and ease learning disabilities.

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3 demographic trends for growing educational inequality

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The gap between the affluent and poor is widening. The number of minority students is increasing such that white students will become the numerical minority. As the population ages, there will be greater reluctance to put their tax dollars into education

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one half

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Approximately _____ of the nation's public schools are failing to make adequate yearly progress according to the No Child Left Behind Act.

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Patriarchy

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A system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line

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Race and income differences on SAT's

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The average SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Tests) scores are higher for youth from families with higher annual incomes. White youth score higher on average than black youth

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Alienation

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Isolation from a group or an activity to which one should belong or in which one should be involved.

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Scientific management

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theory of management that analyzes and workflows, with the objective of improving labor productivity

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What is the authors' explanation for the relationships between social class and the justice system

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The kinds of crimes listed by the FBI are those of the lower classes. The police and others in the criminal justice system assume that lower class people are criminal Economic deprivation may induce people to turn to crime to ease their situations

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Scientific management had an emphasis on

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Speed Efficiency Specialized tasks

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The severity of drug laws is related to the dangers the specific drugs pose to individuals and society.

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false

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According to Marx, when workers do not have any control over their labor, they experience

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Alienation

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White-collar crime refers to crime

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That middle class and upper class people commit in the course of their business and social activities

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Local control of education is often a social problem for which of the following reasons

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The relationship between local tax revenues and the quality of education. The overrepresentation on school boards of business leaders. The lack of standardized curriculum

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Families' economic resources influence children's education in all of the following ways except

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poor children qualify for additional public assistance and transfer to schools with special resources

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Which of the following is not an indicator that the situation for poor children will worsen significantly

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School segregation is decreasing as racial and ethnic minorities are dispersed across previously all white school districts

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Drug laws are unrelated to the fact that drugs are a lucrative source of income for organized crime

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false

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The forces currently transforming the U.S. economy include all of the following except

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A shift from services to manufacturing

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The work force is changing from

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Manufacturing work to information work Industrial to technological Manual to mental labor

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Efforts to increase worker efficiency by breaking down work into very specialized tasks refers to

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Scientific management

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An act that breaks the law is called

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crime

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The U.S. labor force has changed such that women's rate of participation has

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increased drastically

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The Uniform Crime Reports focus

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Crimes of violence Crimes against property

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is society's unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women

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gender stratification

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refers to cultural and social definitions of feminine and masculine.

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gender

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Research shows that many people at various times are involved in serious acts of deviance, yet only a small proportion are ever labeled deviant and treated as such

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true

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In 2008, women earned ________ for every dollar a man made

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78 cents

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Poor children are ________ the children of the affluent to attend schools with poor resources

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More likely than

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Wages in the new service sector of the economy tend to be ________ those previously paid in the manufacturing sector

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lower than

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One problem with the local control of education is that it leads to

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lack of standardized curriculum across the country

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No Child Left Behind requires states to establish standards in

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Math Science Reading

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The economic system based on private ownership of property and guided by the seeking of maximum profits is

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Capitalism

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The main goals of scientific management are to have employees feel more satisfied with their work assignments and provide better customer service.

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false

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Unemployment is evenly distributed among racial and ethnic groups

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false

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