Social Epidemiology Final – Flashcards
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The definition of epidemiology involves all of the following except
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all of the above
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descriptive epi involves identifying and quantifying associations, testing hypothesis, and identifying causes of heath-related states and events
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true
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completing the clinical picture involves all of the following except
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identification of the efficacy of the public health program
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Efficacy
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Refers to the benefits of a treatment, procedure, or service among those who use it compared to those who do not
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We sometimes classify epidemics by how they spread through a population. Which of the following is not an example of a point source epidemic
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influenza
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public health surveillance includes all of the following except
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public health action
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a primary case is the same as an index case
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false
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the term agent in the epidemiological triangle is equivalent to
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pathogen
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which of the following best describes a fomite
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clothing
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humans can serve as all of the following except
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fomites
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which of the following is an example of active primary intervention
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immunization
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who advanced useful treatment and remedies including exercise, fresh air, and a healthy diet, which other physicians also rejected at the time
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Thomas Sydenham
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who used experimental approach to determine that dietary factors were influential in treating and preventing scurvy
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james lind
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the chinese observed that getting weaker strain of smallpox was protective against encountering a stronger form. what is this called
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variolation
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who invented a vaccine against small pox based on careful observation
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jenner
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who developed a modern vital statistics system
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Farr
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whose report set forth the importance of establishing state and local boards of health in the united states
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shattuck
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who investigated the relationship between smoking and lung cancer using a cohort study design
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doll and hill
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the framingham study was a
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prospective cohort study
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contains, spreads, or harbors in infectious organism
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carriers
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epidemiology originally involved the study of what types of diseases
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communicable
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epidemiology includes the study of what
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all of the above
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infectious disease is best defined as
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disease caused by an invaded pathogen
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which of the following best defines pathogen
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organisms capable of causing disease
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the capacity and strength of the disease to produce severe and fatal cases of illness is
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virulence
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an organism os only pathogenic if it is able to enter a host
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true
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the capacity of a microorganism to enter into and grow in or upon tissues of the host is called
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invasiveness
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antibiotics are toxic
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true
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which of the following stages is associated with the incubation period
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stage of pre symptomatic disease
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which of the following is not a type of immunity
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transfer
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a description of communicable disease prevention and control may include all of the following except
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all of the above
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chronic diseases and conditions are not typically caused by pathogens
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true
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which of the following best defines limitation of activity
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difficulties an individual may have in executing actives
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which of the following is not a descriptive study design
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cross-sectional
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which of the following involve the population as the unit of analysis
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ecologic study
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which of the following study designs have been associated with prevalence data
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cross-sectional
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a dichotomous variable involves what type of data
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nominal
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how does a proportion differ from a rate
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a rate is a proportion with the added dimension of time
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the attack rate is associated with which of the following
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cumulative incidence rate
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suppose a highly effective new drug is discovered for treating a form of cancer that previously had been rapidly fatal. Which of the following rates will be least affected by the widespread use of the drug
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incidence rate for this type of cancer
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an age-adjusted rate is weighted average of which of the following
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age-specific rates
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if the mean age group of people is 45 and the median age is 50, what do you know about the distribution of ages
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the age distribution is skewed left
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secular trends represents periodic increases and decreases in the occurrence of health-related states or events
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false
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evaluation cannot be effectively performed in descriptive studies because of confounding
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false
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a beehive-shaped pyramid indicates that the population is having low birth rates as well as low death rates
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true
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married individuals have been shown to experience lower mortality than non-married, regardless of whether the non-married persons were ever married, divorced, separated, or widowed
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true
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when the duration of a disease becomes short and the incidence is high, the prevalence becomes similar to the incidence
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false
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for a chronic disease of low incidence and long duration, prevalence of the disease increases relative to incidence
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true
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cohort studies enable the investigator to study cause and effect because the temporality of exposure and disease is known
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true
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the vital statistics registration system in the us collects data on all vital events including
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a, b, and c
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according to classes studies, morbidity rates by sex in the US show the following sex differences
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females greater than males
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the risk of acquiring a given disease during a given time period is best determined by
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the incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time
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which of the following terms is expressed as a proportion
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female births/male+female births
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describing health-related states or vents by person, place, and time allows us to do all of the following except
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identify the extent of the public health problem
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in 2005, the crude death rate was 800 per 100,000 in the US and 500 per 100,000 in malaysia. the life expectancy was 77.1 in the US and 72.2 in malaysia. how would the death rates compare if we age-adjusted the malaysia death rate using US 2005 pop as standarf
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they would be more similar
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which of the following is not a type of selection bias in cohort studies
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neyman bias
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which of the following is the most time consuming and costly study design
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prospective cohort
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which of the following is a nuisance variable to be controlled
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confounder
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attack rate
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cumulative incidence rate
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person-time rate
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incidence density rate
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berkson's bias
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results in underestimation of OR
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Healthy worker effect
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results in biased RR
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a factorial design may be useful for all of the following reasons except
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reduce feasibility
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which of the following designs is potentially most useful for making a judgement about casualty
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experimental
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what effect does randomization in a large intervention study have
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minimizes potential bias in the allocation of participants to treatment group
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what is a limitation of using a run-in period in an intervention study
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the study subjects may differ from the general population
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investigation of the effectiveness of the poliomyelitis vaccine
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preventative trial
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assessment of the effectiveness of radiation versus surgery in prostate cancer patients
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therapeutic trial
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was the tuskegee syphilis study an experimental
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no
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a ___________ is defined as the effect on patient outcomes that may occur due to the expectation by a patient that a particular invention will have an effect
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placebo effect
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the within group design provides less control over confounders than the between-group design
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false
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experimental studies involving randomization are always preferred over nonrandomized studies
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false
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the experimental studies involving randomization are always preferred over nonrandomized studies
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false
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the experimental study is effective when the outcome of interest is rare.
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false
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selection of a high-risk population of developing the outcomes of interest is a primary strategy to ensure the accumulation of an adequate number of cases which will develop the end points
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true
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establishing a valid statistical association is a necessary part of establishing a cause-effect relationship
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true
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assessment of the clinical findings should be done to assure correctness and reliability of the findings
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true
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an unplanned type of experimental study where the levels of exposure to a presumed cause differ among population in a way that is relatively unaffected by extraneous factors
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a natural experiment
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underlying the estimation of sample size are all of the following except
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all of the above
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which is not associated with a phase II trial
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all of the above
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a valid statistical association in any analytic study design requires consideration of confounding. which is confounding
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when an extrinsic factor influences the disease outcome and independent of that relationship also influences the exposure
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a precipitating factor is best defined as
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factors essential to the development of disease, conditions, injuries, disability, and death
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among the causal criteria presented in the text, temporality was mentioned. of the following study designs, which is best for establishing temporality
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none of the above
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what is the most appropriate type of rate for investigating an outbreak
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cumulative incidence rate
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when is it appropriate to refer to an epidemic as an outbreak
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when the epidemic is more localized
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what is not an example of a common source epidemic
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hiv/aids
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cancer can be classified as
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noninfectious, noncommunicable
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which of the following is associated with all of the following: heart disease, stroke, cancer, accidents, homicide, diabetes
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social
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cancer has been associated with all of the following except
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high blood pressure
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osteoporosis
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risk factor: lifetime exposure to estrogen
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asthma
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asbestos
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dermatologic
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nickel
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leukemia
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carcinogen: benzene
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lung cancer
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carcinogen: radon
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liver cancer
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carcinogen: vinyl chloride
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bladder cancer
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aaromatic amines, solvents
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an increased risk of burkitts lymphoma has been associated with what type of virus
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epstein-barr virus
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validity
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how well the test measures what it is suppose to measure
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specificity
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ability of the test to correctly ID those without the disease
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yield
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amount of screening the test can accomplish in a time period
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reliability
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how well the test performs in use over time (repeatability)
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sensitivity
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ability of the test to correctly ID those with the disease
