question

The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior

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The fundamental attribution error

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Correspondence bias

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Another name for the FAE

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Because we so often see behavior as corresponding to a disposition

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Why is it also called correspondence bias?

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1967 Duke students read debates supporting or attacking Fidel Castro When subjects were told that debaters were assigned their debate positions, they still believed that the debaters held the beliefs that they argued for People feigning a position write more forceful arguments than you would expect

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Jones and Harris

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When we explain other peoples' behavior

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When do we commit the fundamental attribution error?

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Told half of the subjects that the behavior of a clinical psychology grad student would be spontaneous and told the other half that it would be scripted The information had no effect - if she acted friendly, they assumed she was friendly; if she acted unfriendly, they assumed she was unfriendly

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Napolitan and Goethals

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Quiz game: questioners perceived as more knowledgable than contestants by both contestants and observers

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Ross

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No - college students and other intelligent/socially competent people are more likely to make the attribution error

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Do misimpressions reflect low social intelligence?

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We observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves

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Differing perspectives

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The environment

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What commands our attention when we act?

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That person

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What commands our attention when we watch another person act?

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The actor-observer difference is actually minimal: it's only when we behave badly that we attribute the behavior to the situation

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Bertram Malle (2006)

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Perceived as genuine when viewing the suspect; perceived as more coerced when viewing the detective Camera perspective influenced opinions even when a judge instructed them not to

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Police confessions

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Police confessions

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Differing perspectives example

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Opinions of why presidents were elected

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Perspectives change with time example

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The day after the presidential election, most subjects attributed the results to the candidates' personal traits A year after the election, only 1/3 did - most now credited circumstances for the results

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Burger and Palmer (1991)

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...we look for them

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We find causes where...

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A western worldview predisposes people to assume that people, not situations, cause events

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Cultural differences example

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Ascribes people to the person's disposition and traits

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Dispositional attribution

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Ascribes people to the situation in which a person finds himself

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Situational attribution

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Subjects pressed a button and observe whether the button controlled a light Depressed students were accurate in estimating their degree of control Non depressed students overestimated their degree of control

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Alloy and Abrasion (1979, 2004)

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"Sadder-but-wiser-effect" the tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments, attributions, and predictions

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Depressive realism

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One's habitual way of explaining life events

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Explanatory style

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...stable, global, and internal causes

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A negative, pessimistici, depressive explanatory style attributes failure to...

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Causes that are going to last forever

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Stable causes

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Causes that effect everything you do

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Global causes

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"It's all my fault"

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Internal causes

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When we feel happy, we think happy; when we feel sad, we think sad Currently depressed people remember their parents badly Formerly depressed people remember their parents in positive terms (as do never depressed people)

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How do moods affect memories?

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Surveyed basketball fans after their team lost - predicted bleaker outcomes for the season as well as predicted decreased self abilities to throw darts, solve anagrams, and get a date

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Hirt, et al.

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Depressed people realistically assess others' opinions about their moods Pessimism/bad moods can trigger social rejection College students with depressed roommates/partner of a depressed person can become a little depressed as well

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Depressed mood affects behavior

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Yes

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Is happiness also contagious ?

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When stress-induced rumination is filtered through a negative explanatory style, the frequent outcome is depression

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Robinson and Alloy (2003)

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Women get acquainted with a stranger who acts cold and unfriendly Those with a pessimistic explanatory style feel more depressed by the social failure than optimistic women

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Sacks and Bugental (1987)

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Negative thinking --> negative mood --> negative behavior

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Chain of negativity

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Men tend to act when trouble strikes, while women tend to think (and overthink)

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Why do women have double the risk of depression than men in adolescents?

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Depression is BOTH a cause AND result of negative cognitions

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Depression and negative cognition

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Self-focus and self-blame Decline of religion and family, and the growth of individualism, breeds hopelessness and self-blame when things don't go well

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Seligman's hypothesis for near-epidemic levels of depression in the West

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Shame over letting down family or co-workers

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Cause of depression in Japan

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Seeing humanlike qualities in things, animals, and supernatural beings with which they find connections

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Compensation for lacking social connections

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...to feel excluded from a group, unloved by those around you, unable to share private concerns, different and alienated form those in your surroundings

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To feeling lonely is...

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Having lonely acquaintances and having lonely friends (it runs in social clusters) increases the chance that you feel lonely

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Spread of loneliness

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Depression, suicide, high BP, heart disease, cognitive decline, and sleep impairment

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Health risks of loneliness

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...about as much as smoking, and more than obesity or inactivity

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Social isolation increases risk of death...

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Loneliness causes people to perceive lower room temperatures

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Temperature and loneliness

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...more negative

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Lonely people perceive others as...

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Assumes we are eager to present ourselves in ways that make a good impression We feel anxious when we are motivated to impress others but have self-doubts

answer

Self-presentation theory

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Cautious self-protection: talk less, avoid unfamiliar topics, guard yourself, be unassertive, agreeable, and smiling

answer

Coping mechanism for anxiety-inducing situations

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Shy people see incidental events as somehow relevant to themselves, over personalize situations, overestimate the extent to which other people are watching/evaluating them

answer

Shy anxious people vs. un-shy people

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Alcohol/self medication

answer

How do some people attempt to lower their social anxiety?

question

Had shy and not shy college women talk to a hot guy; the women were locked in a room and loud music blasted Half the shy women were told the music would cause anxiety symptoms; these women were able to overcome the shyness and converse normally so that they were indistinguishable from the not shy cohort

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Brodt and Zimbardo (1981)

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Individuals role play assertiveness in a supportive context to then implement it in everyday life

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Assertiveness training

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Assumes we generate our own emotions; assigns homework to talk/act in new ways to generate new emotions

answer

Rational-emotive therapy

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...then we can influence them directly through our behavior

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If we can't directly control our feelings by sheer willpower...

question

No - sometimes just exposure to a social success enables continued success (Haemmerlie and Montgomery dating experiment)

answer

Is counseling always necessary?

question

Changing attributions changes emotions - higher self esteem and positive attributional style (Layden 1982)

answer

Explanatory Style Therapy

Social Cognition: Modules 6 and 11 – Flashcards

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