question

Roman Catholics are correctly considered to be an example of a ____. category group crowd cohort

answer

Category

question

Which of the following is an example of a primary group? students attending a large university high school graduates neighbors at a monthly neighborhood picnic people from Detroit attending a football game

answer

Neighbors at a monthly neighborhood picnic

question

Historically, many white people in the United States have viewed people of color as a(n) _____. an in-group an out-group instrumental leaders a reference group

answer

an out-group

question

Bureaucracies are based more on rationality than on tradition. T or F

answer

True

question

Many jobs in the information age are characterized by ______. greater flexibility producing things rather than services a strongly hierarchical organization individual work rather than teamwork

answer

greater flexibility

question

The McDonaldization thesis states that rational organization ______. is coming to define our way of life is the most reasonable way to solve modern problems enhances our quality of life is not relevant today

answer

is coming to define our way of life

question

In the United States, which of the following industries has the largest pool of low-wage workers? telemarketing fast food health care automobile

answer

Fast food

question

Studies have shown that, when comparing male and female leaders, men are more flexible and typically give their employees more freedom. T or F

answer

False

question

According to the Census Bureau and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, non-Hispanic white men in the United States constitute about one-third of the population and hold about ____ of all management jobs. 43 percent 33 percent 23 percent 64 percent

answer

64 percent

question

__ refers to an organization's rules and regulations becoming an end in themselves, so much so that they interfere with accomplishing the organization's goals. Bureaucratic intervention Bureaucratic inertia Bureaucratic ritualism Coercive bureaucracy

answer

Bureaucratic ritualism

question

A triad contains ____. three relationships unstable relationships two relationships three groups

answer

Three relationships

question

A(n) ________ is the rule of the many by the few. dyad primary group bureaucracy oligarchy

answer

Oligarchy

question

Bureaucracies usually take the form of a(n) ________________. inverted pyramid, with many people at the top and few at the bottom pyramid, with few people at the top and many at the bottom rectangle or square, with approximately the same number of people on top as at the bottom web, with many cross-functional areas

answer

pyramid, with few people at the top and many at the bottom

question

The principles of scientific management suggest that operational control over the workplace should reside with _____. customers and other external stakeholders owners and executives board members and stockholders the workers

answer

Owners and executives

question

Failure on the part of government leaders to speak out in opposition to the opinions of others possibly led to the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in 1961. This situation is an example of ______________. laissez-faire leadership groupthink inertia oligarchy

answer

Groupthink

question

Samuel Stouffer showed that soldiers in low-promotion units were more optimistic about being promoted than were soldiers in high-promotion units. How could the results of Stouffer's study relate to a competitive swimmer's expectations of success? A swimmer on a low-excelling team will see a possibility of doing well since someone has to be the best on the team, whereas a swimmer on a high-excelling team is likely to believe that there is just too much competition for him or her to ever stand out. A swimmer on a low-excelling team will perform according to the level of the team, whereas as a swimmer on a high-excelling team will rise to the level of his or her teammates. A swimmer on a low-excelling team knows that he or she will not do well, whereas as a swimmer on a high-excelling team knows he or she will naturally do very well. A swimmer on a low-excelling team will do well in order to improve the team, whereas as a swimmer on a high-excelling team will slack off and let the rest of his or her teammates carry the load.

answer

A swimmer on a low-excelling team will see possibility of doing well since someone has to be the best on the team, whereas swimmer on a high....

question

Which of the following is the best example of a network? a high school choir a college's alumni a neighborhood book club a company softball league

answer

a college's alumni

question

To a business owner, which type of formal organization is the business? coercive utilitarian normative secondary

answer

Utilitarian

question

Which of the following is an example of a utilitarian organization? the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) the New York Yacht Club the Guantanamo Bay detention camp

answer

The FBI

question

Some years ago, the GBB Motor Company became a world leader in automotive manufacturing. The company operated on two basic principles: All employees should be treated equally, and employee loyalty to the company is paramount. The GBB Motor Company was most likely based in which country? Japan the United States China Italy

answer

Japan

question

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between primary and secondary groups? They correspond to age groups: Primary groups consist of people who are 21 and under and secondary groups are made up of people over 21. They are the same, differing only in size These are ideals, and actual groups fall somewhere on a continuum between the two ideal types. They are a main topic and a subtopic: A secondary group is a type of a primary group.

answer

These are ideals, and actual groups fall somewhere on a continuum between two ideal types

question

How was Asch's line study similar to Janis's study of groupthink? Both found that individuals judge themselves in absolute terms, rather than relative terms. Both studied the dynamics of in-groups versus out-groups. Both studied the compliance of group members to the directions of an authority figure. Both found that members of a group tend to conform, even when it goes against individual beliefs.

answer

Both found that members of a group tend to conform, even when it goes against individual beliefs

question

Yardly University and Smithington College have a strong rivalry that spans decades. When their football teams meet to play each other, thousands of fans from both schools come to cheer on their team. Which of the following is true of the group dynamics among the fans? The Smithington fans see both themselves and the Yardly fans as an out-group. The Yardly fans see themselves as an in-group and see the Smithington fans as an out-group. The Smithington fans see themselves as an out-group and the Yardly fans as an in-group. The Yardly fans see both themselves and the Smithington fans as in-groups.

answer

The Yardly fans see themselves as an ungroup and the Smithington fans as an outgroup

question

Which choice is an example of how population patterns affect organizations? When power shifted in the United States Congress, some businesses lost contracts. Correct answer A company develops geriatric vitamins to sell to the increasing number of aging baby boomers Fast food companies market to people of all ages. Computer typesetting dramatically changed the printing industry.

answer

A company develops geriatric vitamins to sell to the increasing number of aging baby boomers

question

Why is a triad more stable than a dyad? A triad has three members, so if the relationship between two members becomes strained, the other can act as a mediator. A triad is based on formal rules and not personal attachments. A triad is larger than a dyad, so the triad is more capable of withstanding the loss of a member. A triad is more often built on friendships than on romantic interests.

answer

A triad has three members, so if the relationship between two members becomes....

question

Our society is becoming "McDonaldized," meaning that our culture __________. has adopted many procedures similar to those of McDonald's restaurants is overly fond of fast food allows for the expansion of McDonald's more so than other restaurant chains embraces open, flexible organizations

answer

Has adopted many procedures similar to those of McDonald's restaurants

question

Which of the following actions is an example of expressive leadership? The foreman asks Chas to help Peter with his work so that it will be finished on time. The team leader asks Lakeisha how much of the new project she will be able to finish by herself in a week. The department manager notices that Joe is looking a little down and asks him if everything is all right. The boss tells Sara she can take Tuesday morning off as long as she finishes her project on Monday.

answer

The Department manager notices...

question

According to Irving Janis, people participating in groupthink limit________, resulting in a narrow view of the issue. inappropriate comments unrealistic options additional points of view unaffordable choices

answer

additional points of view

question

Within formal organizations, people are most likely to share primary relationships. True False

answer

False

question

Why are Presbyterians considered a category and not a social group? Social groups are made up of 2 to 10 people, and there are far more Presbyterians. Social groups must have shared interests and beliefs, and Presbyterians do not have these. Although they follow similar religious beliefs, most Presbyterians are strangers to each other. Presbyterians are members of a formal organization, not a casual bunch of people.

answer

Although they follow similar religious beliefs, most are strangers to each other

question

"Quality circles" in Japanese work organizations serve to ________. absolve corporate leaders of decision-making responsibility circulate high-quality products in distribution networks coordinate employee benefits such as home mortgages and recreational activities involve workers in discussing decisions that affect them

answer

Involve workers in discussing decisions that affect them

question

Why is a collection of people in an airport a crowd instead of a group? They are a crowd because they do not plan to remain in the same location for a long length of time. They are a crowd because they identify and interact with each other. They are a crowd because they are a loosely formed collection of people with very little interaction. They are a crowd because they will maintain long-term relationships.

answer

They are a crowd because they are a loosely formed collection of people with very little interaction

question

A work picnic is different from a family picnic in that the work picnic's attendees form a _______. network primary group secondary group utilitarian group

answer

secondary group

question

Factors that affect an organization's operation, such as declining regional population or a new state governor, are called the __________. organizational environment corporate culture corporate infrastructure organizational trends

answer

organizational environment

question

A ____is an example of a primary group. student body at a college family residing together high school senior class large bowling league

answer

a family residing together

question

Carrie is a member of a project team at work. Once a week, her team meets to discuss challenges and goals. Outside of the office, Carrie rarely sees her coworkers, and she does not mind when a few of them switch to a new project team. The team that Carrie is a part of can best be described as ___________. a category a primary group a secondary group a crowd

answer

Secondary group

question

Research by Sally Helgesen indicates that female executives_________. behave the same way as male executives show gender-linked patterns that help make companies more flexible and democratic are not as communicative as male executives show gender-linked patterns that make companies more autocratic

answer

show gender-linked patterns that help make companies more...

question

Back in the 1950s, the label "Made in Japan" was generally found on products in the United States that were ____. cheap and poorly made expensive highly reliable inexpensive, but of high quality

answer

Cheap and poorly made

question

Primary and secondary social groups differ according to _____. the overall diversity of the group. the size of their membership the geographic area they cover their members' degree of personal concern for one another

answer

their members' degree of personal concern for one another

question

Although the postindustrial economy has created many highly skilled jobs, it has created even more ___ jobs. health care educational technical routine service

answer

routine service

question

What is the main benefit of open, flexible organization for a technology company? the ability to adapt quickly to changing conditions more day-to-day supervision increased efficiency more levels in the chain of command

answer

The ability to adapt quickly to changing conditions

question

According to Max Weber, a key element of bureaucracies is their adherence to the tradition of favoring relatives over strangers. True False

answer

False

question

In the United States, the postindustrial economy emerged around _______. 1940, before the United States entered World War II 1980, when Ronald Reagan was elected President 1950, during the post-World War II economic expansion 2000, at the beginning of the new century

answer

1950, during the post- World War II economic expansion

question

Robert Michels believed that hierarchy weakens democracy because officials often use their access to information and other resources to promote their own personal interests. What did Michels call this assertion? the Thomas theorem the law of organizational environment the McDonaldization of society the iron law of oligarchy

answer

the iron law of oligarchy

question

The Federal Emergency Management Agency's response to Hurricane Katrina as described in the text is an example of ______________________. bureaucratic informality a "flattened" organization bureaucratic inefficiency bureaucratic efficiency

answer

bureaucratic inefficiency

question

Community service clubs, political parties, and religious congregations are all examples of _______. coercive organizations normative organizations utilitarian organizations informal organizations

answer

Normative organizations

question

The policies of Japanese organizations in the 1980s encouraged more _____ than did those of organizations in the United States. efficiency and speed individualism and creativity competition and efficiency loyalty and cooperation

answer

loyalty and corporation

question

What problem of bureaucracy does George Tooker emphasize in his painting Government Bureau (found on page 118)? Bureaucracies run the risk of focusing on rules and regulations to the point of undermining the organization's initial goals. Bureaucracies tend to be self-perpetuating, redefining their goals as they go. Bureaucracies have the potential to dehumanize everyone, creating an alienating environment. Bureaucracies are often affected by environmental factors beyond their control, such as economic trends, political concerns, and other organizations.

answer

Bureaucracies have the potential to dehumanize everyone, creating an alienating environment

question

Due to _______, members of bureaucratic organizations may sometimes try to look busy when they do not really have much work to do. bureaucratic ritualism "flattening" bureaucratic inertia oligarchy

answer

bureaucratic inertia

question

For whom would a residential boarding school be most like a coercive organization? the janitors the head master the teachers the students

answer

the students

question

The more socially diverse a group is, the more likely its members are to ________. interact with people who are different from themselves limit group membership encourage conformity interact only among people like themselves

answer

interact with people who are different from themselves

question

Monique and Kevin worked at the same company for 5 years without knowing much about each other. One day at a company party they began talking and hit it off. They dated for a year before breaking up. Kevin left his job, and the two have not spoken since, although they both enjoy going on their own to see their city's hockey team play. How did Kevin and Monique's relationship transform over time? They began as members of a primary group, developed into a secondary group, and later became part of a category. They began as members of a secondary group, developed into a primary group, and eventually became just faces in a crowd. They began as a secondary group and developed into members of a crowd. They began as members of a category and became members of a small primary group.

answer

They began as members of a secondary group, developed into a primary group, and eventually became just faces in a crowd

question

Scientific management was developed to ____. research business operations test new inventions apply new technological advances to business increase the efficiency of businesses

answer

increase the efficiency of businesses

question

Which is better: instrumental leadership or expressive leadership? Neither is better than the other overall; the situation often determines which type of leadership is needed. Neither is better than the other because neither one results in effective leadership. Expressive leadership is better because it focuses on employee needs. Instrumental leadership is better because it concentrates on task completion.

answer

Neither is better than the other overall; the situation often determines which type of leadership is needed

question

Why can groupthink be a problem within a business? What starts out as the most popular solution might not turn out to be the best solution. Businesses benefit most when only the most experienced people in the group talk. Managers are often upset when employees disagree with them. Brainstorming is usually a time-consuming, ineffective activity.

answer

What starts out as the most popular solution might not turn out to be the best solution

question

People typically form a subjective sense of their well-being by looking at themselves relative to specific reference groups. True False

answer

True

question

An authoritarian leader typically _________. invites opinions and discussion takes personal charge of decision making allows the group to function on its own includes everyone in the decision-making process

answer

takes personal charge of decision making

question

Most research supports the conclusion that bureaucracy rarely leads to efficiency. True False

answer

False

question

Today's post-industrial economy has created highly skilled, creative work as well as __________. routine jobs that require little skill but offer very high pay. service work that requires far less skill more and more independent, highly-paid professionals. more and more highly-skilled industrial jobs.

answer

service work that requires far less skill

question

A social group is defined as ____________. a collection of people with the same social traits two or more people who identify with and interact with one another people who have known each other but interact little, if at all people whose social interaction occurs outside of the workplace

answer

two or more people who identify with and interact with one another

question

Why would Frederick Taylor's concept of scientific management not work well now in many businesses, even though it was successful in the early 1900s? The jobs of the early 1900s did not have much routine in them, so scientific management worked well. Many jobs in today's postindustrial period require more creativity and flexibility than those of the early 1900s. In the early 1900s, there were fewer employees and not much of a need for management; therefore, it was easy to manage employees. Employees in the early 1900s had so much freedom that it was easy to apply scientific management to their work.

answer

Many jobs in today's postindustrial period require more creativity and flexibility than those of the early 1900s.

question

How does the phrase "I owe you one" relate to secondary groups? People in secondary groups often borrow money from each other. People in secondary groups tease each other extensively. People in secondary groups tend to make promises they cannot keep. People in secondary groups tend to "keep score" regarding what they do for each other.

answer

People in secondary groups tend to "keep score"

question

The Cedarville High baseball team is doing poorly. The team members do not get along, and it shows on the field. Their main pitcher recently experienced a death in the family and has not been able to get a strikeout in weeks, while their shortstop is currently out for the season after tearing a ligament in his leg. Between the constant bickering and personal problems, the team is last in the league. How would an instrumental leader go about pulling the team out of the gutter? He or she would give players orders, plan specific plays, and reward or punish players depending on their efforts. He or she would gather the team together for a group brainstorming session, including all of the players in the decision-making process. He or she would allow the team to coach itself, in order for team members to learn to reach their goals without outside help. He or she would sit down with them, discuss their problems, and work through the members' conflicts.

answer

He or she would give players orders, plan specific plays, and reward or punish players

question

The idea that humans are calculating and rational and will not break the law if they think the pain of punishment will outweigh the pleasure of the crime is a(n) __________ idea. early 20th-century Enlightenment ancient relatively recent

answer

Enlightenment

question

A decline in the level of support for the death penalty is reflected in the fact that _______. the death penalty is now outlawed in all but five states rates of capital punishment have risen steadily since 1990 there were only about half as many death sentences imposed in 2010 as there were in 1999 there have been no executions in the past five years

answer

there were only about half as many death sentences imposed in 2010 as there were in 1999

question

By 2011, the federal government and _____ state(s) had enacted legislation that increased penalties for crimes motivated by hatred. 45 just one 9 all 50

answer

45

question

The attempt by society to regulate people's behavior and even their thoughts is called _______. mind control containment theory behavioral regulation social control

answer

Social control

question

Researchers use ____ to ask people whether they have been the victims of crime. newspaper reports police reports victimization surveys participant observation

answer

Victimization surveys

question

According to the social-conflict approach, deviance is ________. socially useful political variable universal

answer

Political

question

Interpreting someone's past in light of some present deviance is called ______. prospective labeling retrospective labeling projective labeling stigmatizing

answer

Retrospective labeling

question

A legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's admission of guilt is called _____. community policing retribution deterrence plea bargaining

answer

Plea bargaining

question

The strategy in which a judge orders a convicted offender to prison for a short time but then suspends the remainder of the sentence in favor of probation is called _____. parole probation shock probation recidivism

answer

shock probation

question

The rate of handgun deaths in the United States is about ___ times higher than the rate in Canada. ten two five three

answer

five

question

According to victimization surveys carried out in 2010, the overall crime rate was about _________ official reports indicated. two times higher than the same as four times higher than three times higher than

answer

two times higher than

question

The high level of illegal drugs in the United States is an issue of _________. medicalization public indifference price fixing supply and demand

answer

supply and demand

question

From the symbolic-interaction point of view, definitions of deviance and conformity are _____. based on conformity highly variable one and the same rigid

answer

highly variable

question

Thoughts and actions become deviant _____. only when the actions are harmful only in relation to the norms of a particular group or society only when the criminal justice system becomes involved just by being observed

answer

Only in relation to the norms of a particular group or society

question

Emile Durkheim's basic insight regarding deviance was that _______. deviance is surprisingly common deviance does not cause as much harm as we tend to think deviance blurs the line between right and wrong there is nothing abnormal about deviance because all societies create it

answer

there is nothing abnormal about deviance because all societies create it

question

In legal terms, all crimes are composed of two elements: the act itself and _____. the context the perpetrator criminal intent the victim

answer

Criminal intent

question

Which statement explains a limitation of the biological approach to deviance? Most deviant behaviors are carried out by biologically normal people. The range of deviance cannot be correlated to a specific biological signature. It focuses on society as a whole, ignoring the individual. None of the responses is correct.

answer

Most deviant behaviors are carried out by biologically normal people

question

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to engage in deviance, according to Travis Hirschi's control theory? Kelsey, a teenage girl who lives with her mother and plays in the marching band after school Blake, an angry boy with few friends who has lived with his older sister since his parents divorced Russell, a married man who works 14 hours a day to support his family Kelsey, a teenage girl who lives with her mother and plays in the marching band after school

answer

Blake

question

Why is only a small share of property crime reported to the police? Because people are afraid of "payback."time because the loss is often relatively small because police discourage reporting because it costs money to report property crimes

answer

because the loss is often relatively small

question

What did Kai Erikson claim based on his study of the Massachusetts Bay Puritans? Deviance is a necessary resource created by society. Deviance is relative. Deviance is a result of powerlessness. Deviance depends on a relative opportunity structure.

answer

Deviance is a necessary resource created by society

question

According to labeling theory, gender influences how we define deviance because people commonly _____. use different standards to judge the behavior of females and males. see women in a more powerful role see women as less deviant use similar standards to judge the behavior of males and females

answer

Use different standards to judge the behavior of females and males

question

The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions is the basis of __________. labeling theory social-conflict analysis peer reaction analysis conformity theory

answer

labeling theory

question

A 2003 study at the University of Wisconsin concluded that _______ are strong predictors of adult crime and violence. especially large body types with prominent facial features genetic and environmental factors working together personality and socialization factors physical features

answer

genetic and environmental factors working together

question

Which of the following is an example of informal social control? sentencing an innocent man to 10 years in prison giving a driver a ticket for speeding arresting a woman for driving under the influence teasing a friend because he listens to Justin Bieber's music

answer

teasing a friend because he listens to Justin Beiber's music

question

Kyle, who is a member of a street gang, has had frequent conflicts with teachers and the police. This case is one example of Walter Miller's delinquent subculture characteristic of __________. a desire for freedom a belief in fate toughness trouble

answer

trouble

question

According to the symbolic-interaction approach, the definitions of deviance and conformity are both __________. variable based on conformity rigid one and the same

answer

variable

question

According to Albert Cohen, people form delinquent subcultures because they __________. want to show their anger toward parents have rejected conformist behavior. are frustrated with society. are cut off from legitimate opportunity to gain success.

answer

are cut off from legitimate..

question

The biological and psychological approaches have limited value in explaining deviance because __________. psychological factors are hard to define wrongdoing results from individual moral failing biological factors are difficult to measure wrongdoing has more to do with the organization of society

answer

wrongdoing has more to do with the organization of society

question

According to __________, the widespread belief that norms and laws are natural and good masks their political character. the structural-functional approach labeling theory Karl Marx the social-conflict approach

answer

the social-conflict approach

question

What do all instances of deviance have in common? They involve a violation of society's laws. They are characterized by some norm violation that causes a person to be viewed as different and an outsider. They involve a negative behavior. They involve action and choice.

answer

They are characterized by some norm violation that causes a person to be viewed as different and an outsider.

question

Which sociologist argued that deviance performs essential social functions, such as clarifying boundaries and encouraging social change? Emile Durkheim Jean Piaget Max Weber Karl Marx

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

To avoid labeling people as mentally ill when they are simply engaging in behavior we don't agree with, the psychiatrist Thomas Szasz advocates __________. abandoning the idea of mental illness employing different methods for psychological analysis taking the time to do a lengthy psychiatric profile increasing the availability of psychoactive medications

answer

abandoning the idea of mental illness

question

IIn what way does feminist theory help us see how gender influences the way we define deviance? We see women in a more powerful role. We use similar standards to judge the behavior of males and females. We see women as less deviant. Correct answer that was not selected We use different standards to judge the behavior of males and females

answer

We use similar standards to judge the behavior of males and females.

question

According to Steven Spitzer, which of the following would most likely be considered deviant in our society? a corrupt politician a labor organizer opposing efforts to weaken unions a corrupt businessman a landlord charging high rents to poor tenants

answer

a labor organizer opposing efforts to weaken unions

question

_____ is a form of punishment that renders an offender incapable of further offenses through imprisonment or execution. Rehabilitation Retribution Deterrence Societal protection

answer

Societal protection

question

Which of the following approaches states that even when the powerful engage in deviant activities, they still have the resources to resist deviant labels? symbolic-interaction structural-functional feminist social-conflict

answer

social-conflict

question

"Young people are more likely to engage in behavior, including delinquency, if they believe their peers encourage it." The previous statement is an example of __________. Goffman's concept of a deviant career Sutherland's differential association theory projective labeling Hirschi's control theory

answer

Sutherland's differential association theory

question

Ali is sent to prison for car-jacking and released two years later. Is he likely to repeat his crime? No; only major crimes such as first-degree murder are likely to be repeated.. No; the United States has one of the lowest recidivism rates in the world, at a mere 7 percent. No; minor crimes such as auto theft are not repeated very often.. Yes; recidivism rates are 40 percent of higher in the United States.

answer

Yes; recidivism rates are 40 percent of higher in the United States.

question

Which of the following situations is an example of secondary deviance? Jake sees his high school friends drinking at a party and joins in. Driving home, he crashes his car into a tree and vows never to drink again. Sanjay was arrested for child molestation and spent 10 years in prison. Now that he is free, he has to register as a sex offender wherever he lives. Elliot takes recreational drugs occasionally with his friends. After he is caught by his father, he angers many of his friends, begins to take drugs every day, and becomes hostile toward members of his family. Carol is 15, and most of her friends have children. She wants a child of her own and begins having unprotected sex with her boyfriend.

answer

Elliot takes recreational drugs occasionally with his friends. After he is caught by his father, he angers many of his friends, begins to take drugs every day, and becomes hostile toward members of his family.

question

is a tactic used by a judge to show a convicted offender the seriousness of his or her crime by initially imprisoning the offender but soon after issuing probation. Capital punishment Recidivism Parole Shock Probation

answer

Shock probation

question

The violation of a society's formally enacted law is called __________. social control. retreatism. crime. deviance

answer

crime

question

Which of the following situations is an example of deterrence? Andy is shoplifting but is not caught. Amelia backs into her neighbor's car and offers to pay him the cost of the damage. Colin disrupts his high school class and is assigned detention. Sandy is arrested for DUI but goes to court and is acquitted of the charge.

answer

Colin disrupts his high school class and is assigned detention.

question

What is the basic circumstance under which any thought or action may become deviant? when the criminal justice system becomes involved when it is discovered by many people when it appears that someone has violated some social norm when it results in harmful consequences

answer

when it appears that someone has violated some social norm

question

The illegal distribution of alcohol during Prohibition was an example of __________. street crime organized crime a hate crime a victimless crime

answer

organized crime

question

As odd as it seems, snowball fights are legally banned in Topeka, Kansas. This is an example of __________. powerful members of the community setting the standards for society cultural norms that shape societal inequality variations of deviance based on variation in cultural norms universal moral boundaries that affect definitions of deviance

answer

variations of deviance based on variation in cultural norms

question

Hirschi's control theory states that social control depends on __________. strong enforcement of laws people anticipating and caring about the consequences of their behavior individuals' desires to conform differential association, or peer group pressure

answer

people anticipating and caring about the consequences of their behavior

question

Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief are the four different types of __________. labeling advocated by Szasz social control to which Sutherland links differential association advantages offered by medicalization theory social control to which Hirschi links conformity

answer

social control to which Hirschi links conformity

question

Which of the following theoretical approaches takes a micro-level view of the issues of deviance? symbolic interaction feminist social conflict structural-functional

answer

symbolic interaction

question

Robert Merton asserts that the type of deviance people engage in depends upon __________. their exposure to stressful life conditions whether society provides them with the means to achieve cultural goals their upbringing and family structure the perceived role of conflict, or strains, in their life

answer

whether society provides them with the means to achieve cultural goals

question

What is one important reason that crime rates have fallen in the United States since the 1980s? More criminals have been sent to prison in the last 30 years than ever before. The younger population has increased in size since 1985. The popularity of street drugs such as crack cocaine has increased. The practice of community policing faded out in the 1990s.

answer

More criminals have been sent to prison in the last 30 years than ever before.

question

According to Erving Goffman, people acquire __________ as they develop a deviant career involving stronger commitment to deviant behavior. differential associations social control a stigma primary deviance

answer

a stigma

question

According to social-conflict analysis, the people we tend to label as deviant are typically those who are __________. the most harmful to society relatively powerless in society discouraged by peers from conforming biologically abnormal

answer

relatively powerless in society

question

Bob learns that his coworker was arrested for car theft. Now that he thinks about it, he swears he once saw his coworker eyeing his car in the parking lot and feels relieved that he always kept his car locked. Bob is engaging in __________. stigmatizing retrospective labeling prospective labeling projective labeling

answer

retrospective labeling

question

According to Merton's strain theory, an alcoholic who lives by himself, quits his job, and stops talking to his friends would fall into which category of deviance? ritualism innovation retreatism rebellion

answer

retreatism

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