Soc of Minority Groups Exam 2 – Flashcards
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What does it say about the origins of established slavery in America?
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In 1619, 20 Africans arrived in Jamestown as indentured servants. By 1660s, the British colonies had passed laws making Africans slaves for life.
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American slavery first began in which century?
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1600
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Slave Codes
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Laws that defined the low position held by slaves in the United States
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Examples of Slave Codes
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Could not marry or meet with a free Black, marriage was not legally recognized, could not possess property, could not learn to read or write, illegal for anyone to give a slave a book (including the Bible)
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What role did Christianity play for the slave population?
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African religions were forbidden, Christianity provided hope for a happy and eternal afterlife free of oppression and abuse
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What did the Christianity that slaves were taught focus on?
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Surrendering to Whites translated to salvation and slaves were taught that they must be obedient to their masters to achieve afterlife
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Afrocentric Perspective
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An emphasis on the customs of African cultures and how they have pervaded the history, culture, and behavior of Blacks in the United States and around the world
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Ebonics
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Distinctive dialect with a complex language structure found among many Black Americans
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How did African culture survive during slavery?
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Folklore, religion, language, and music
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Limitations of Investigating 'African culture'
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Africans came from many different cultures, thus a single source of African culture ignores the complexity of the continent
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What is the legal ending of slavery referred to as?
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13th Amendment
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What happened to interracial relations during the reconstruction period?
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Whites and Blacks married each other, went to public schools and state universities, rode side by side on trains and streetcars
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The 15th Amendment did what?
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Prohibited the denial of the right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
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Jim Crow
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Southern laws passed in the late 19th century that kept Blacks in their subordinate positions
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Ruled that "separate but equal," declared that there could be segregation in schools
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White Primary
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Legal provisions forbidding Black voting in election primaries, which in one-party areas of the South effectively denied Blacks the right to select elected officials
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Slavery reparation
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The act of making amends for the injustices of slavery
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Booker T Washington
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Believed that Blacks should forgo social equality until White people saw Blacks as deserving, "politics of accommodation" Passive, gradual change
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W.E.B. DuBois
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Believed that Washington was incorrect, believed that Blacks should fight for their freedom and equality Radical, wanted change here and now
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When did the US issue an official apology for slavery?
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Never
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What was the Niagara movement?
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Black civil rights movement led by W.E.B. DuBois, called for opposition to racial segregation and disenfranchisement
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The Niagara movement directly led to the formation of what?
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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When did Army training camps desegregate?
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Korean War
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
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Ruled that "in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal"
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de jure segregation
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Children assigned to schools specifically to maintain racially separated schools
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By refusing to give up her seat on the bus Rosa Parks engaged in?
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Civil disobedience
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Civil Disobedience
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A tactic promoted by Martin Luther King, Jr. based on the belief that people have the right to disobey unjust laws under certain circumstances
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Martin Luther King, Jr. officially led on civil rights group, what was it?
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Montgomery Improvement Association
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How was the FBI involved in the civil rights movement?
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Government records revealed a systematic campaign by the FBI to infiltrate civil rights groups in an effort to discredit them in the belief that such activist groups were subversive
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Riff-raff Theory
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The belief that the riots of the 1960s were caused by discontented youth rather than by social and economic problems facing all African Americans
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Who coined the term 'black power?'
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Stokely Carmichael
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Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated for what type of protest?
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Nonviolent
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What aspect of Martin Luther King, Jr's argument did Stokely Carmichael disagree with?
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Carmichael rejected the goal of assimilation into White middle class society, argued that Blacks needed to create new institutions
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Why do blacks often experience inadequate schooling?
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Quality and quantity of education is lacking; insensitive teachers, poor counseling, overcrowded classes, and dilapidated school facilities
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What type of segregation results from residential patterns?
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de facto segregation (by practice)
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acting White
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Taking school seriously and accepting the authority of teachers and administrators
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de facto segregation
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Segregation that is the result of residential patterns
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Tracking
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The practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria
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Concerning education, data since the 1960s indicates what?
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Gap in the amount of schooling African Americans receive compared to Whites
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What inhibited black progress in higher education?
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Reductions in financial aid, pushing of higher standards for educational achievements, employment opportunities, negative publicity, and grouping number of racial incidents
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Why is unemployment among young blacks high?
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Live in depressed economy in central cities, immigrants and illegal aliens present competition, white middle-class women have entered the labor force, and illegal activities have become more prevalent
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Strengths of African American Families
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Strong kinship bonds, strong work orientation, adaptability of family roles, strong achievement orientation, strong religious orientation
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What is William Julius Wilson's main point about race and class?
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"Class has become more important than race in determining black life chances in the modern world" Programs must be developed to confront class subordination rather than ethnic and racial discrimination
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Redlining
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The pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods
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What percentage of inmates are African American?
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39%
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Differential Justice
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Whites being dealt with more leniently than Blacks, whether at the time of arrest, indictment, conviction, sentencing, or parole
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Panethnicity
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The development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups, as reflected in the Hispanic and Asian American
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What is the proportion of Hispanics in the US that are Mexican American?
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2/3rds
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What is the difference between the words Hispanic and Latino?
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Words are interchangeable
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Maquiladoras
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Foreign-owned companies on the Mexican side of the border with the United States
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What do the terms mulatto or mestizo refer to?
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Reflect the color gradient
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Color gradient
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The placement of people on a continuum from light to dark skin color rather than in distinct racial groupings by skin color
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Remittances
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The monies that immigrants return to their countries of origin
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What is the freedom flotilla?
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Third major migration for Cuban Americans were 124,000 refugees fled Cuba in "freedom flotilla" (boat)
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What are the residential patterns of the Latino population in the US?
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Urban, barrios
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Marielitos
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People who arrived from Cuba in the 3rd wave of Cuban immigration, most specifically those forcibly deported by the way of Mariel Harbor, refugees seen as especially undesirable
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Dry foot, wet foot policy
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Aimed at Cuban immigrants that allows those who manage to reach the United States (dry foot) to remain but sends those who are picked up at sea (wet foot) back to Cuba
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What is meant by the term borderlands?
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The area of a common culture along the border between Mexico and the US
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What is the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
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Acknowledged the annexation of Texas by the US and ceded California and most of Arizona and New Mexico to the US for $15 million
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Which was did the Guadalupe Hidalgo treaty end?
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Mexican-American war
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What does the book say about the federal government granting grazing privileges?
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By 1892, the federal government was granting grazing privileges on public grasslands and forests to anyone except Mexican Americans
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Bracero
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Contracted Mexican laborers brought to the US during WWII
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Mojados
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"Wetbacks," derisive slang for Mexicans who enter illegally, supposedly by swimming the Rio Grande
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Repatriation
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The 1930s program of deporting Mexicans
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Which American policy was designed to discouraged Mexican Immigration?
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Operation Wetback and Special Force Operation
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Culture of Poverty
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A way of life that involves no future planning, no enduring commitment to marriage, and no work ethic; this culture follows the poor even when they move out of the slums or the barrio
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Who developed the term 'culture of poverty?'
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Oscar Lewis
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Who was Cesar Chavez?
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Best-known Hispanic labor leader for economic empowerment, organized agricultural laborers in an attempt to win collective bargaining rights
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What organization did Cesar Chavez form?
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National Farm Works Association, later became known as United Farmer Workers (UFW)
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Accomplishments of Cesar Chavez and UFW
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Made federal and state governments more aware of the exploitation of migrant laborers, helped workers develop sense of power and worth, improved working conditions
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Characteristics of Migrant Workers
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More likely to suffer from high blood pressure, dental disease, anemia, and poor nutrition
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Chicanismo
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An ideology emphasizing pride and positive identity among Mexican Americans
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How did the US acquire Puerto Rico?
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Land was seized during the Spanish-American War
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What privileges and disadvantages do Puerto Ricans have?
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US citizens and can elect their own governor, cannot vote in presidential elections and have no voting representation in Congress
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What responsibilities do Puerto Ricans have?
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Subject to military service, Selective Service registration, and all federal laws
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Neocolonialism
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Continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries
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What is the present state of Puerto Rico?
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Commonwealth
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What was the conclusion of the 1998 referendum in Puerto Rico?
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50% residents favored continuing commonwealth status, 47% statehood, 3% independence
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What do we call Hispanic folk medicine?
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Curanderismo
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Curanderismo
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Hispanic folk medicine
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What is the single most unifying force among Arabs?
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Language
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The largest majority of Muslims in America are
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African American
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Blended identity
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Self-image and worldview that is a combination of religious faith, cultural background based on nationality, and current residency
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Malcolm X Philosophy
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"By any means necessary," Black self-determination, critical of civil rights movement and Martin Luther King, Jr
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Deficit Model of Ethnic Identity
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One's ethnicity is viewed by others as a factor of subtracting away the characteristics corresponding to some ideal ethnic type
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What do we call a modest dress for Muslim women?
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Hijab
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Who is the most visible Arab American in US politics?
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Ralph Nader
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Racial profiling
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Any arbitrary police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or natural origin rather than a person's behavior
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Orientalism
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The simplistic view of people and history of the Orient with no recognition of change over time or the diversity within its many cultures
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What is the largest single source of ancestry of Arab Americans?
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Lebanon
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Jihad
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Struggle against the enemies of Allah, usually taken to mean one's own internal struggle, holy war
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Islamophobia
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A range of negative feelings toward Muslims and their religion that ranges from generalized intolerance to hatred
