question

Who wrote a classic work distinguishing dyads from triads and argued that the number of people in a group is important in determining the form social relationships will take within that group?

answer

Simmel

question

Sociologist Georg Simmel (1950) argues that "size matters" in a group primarily because the number of people in a group determines:

answer

the structure social relations will take

question

In which of the following groups is a coalition formation impossible?

answer

dyads

question

The most important difference between primary and secondary groups has to do with:

answer

the kinds of relationships that exist within them.

question

When you go on a date with one other person, you have formed a:

answer

dyad

question

A married couple and their firstborn child are a type of group known as:

answer

a triad

question

Parenting coordinators are sometimes brought in by the court to help relieve tension between divorcing parents. When a dispute arises between the parents, the parenting coordinator can step in and help moms and dads "keep the peace." The coordinator plays the role of:

answer

mediator

question

If the buying public can be seen as playing two producers off against each other and promoting their self-interest by gaining the lowest price, the buying public could be viewed as playing the role of:

answer

the third that rejoices

question

If stepsiblings are asked to share bedrooms or other possessions, and one of them views such sharing as an intrusion, he or she may have difficulty overcoming the tendency to play the role of ____________ between his or her parent and the new stepmother or stepfather.

answer

divide et impera

question

A classroom would not typically fall under Simmel's classification of a small group because:

answer

there are formal arrangements or roles

question

You and your friend have created a technology start-up. Since its inception, it has become very successful and you've had to hire many employees. At what point will you realize that it has become, in Simmel's terms, a large group?

answer

when formal job titles are created and formal hierarchies between employees emerge

question

According to Simmel, the essential feature of a party is that it is:

answer

multifocal

question

You have six friends over to your apartment for dinner and drinks. Three of the friends are discussing Einstein's theory of relativity, while the other three are talking about the World Cup. According to Simmel, is this a party yet?

answer

No, because there are only two topics being discussed

question

Which of the following would be an example of a large group using Simmel's classification?

answer

a symphony orchestra

question

Your introduction to sociology class is probably which of the following types of groups identified by Cooley?

answer

secondary

question

Which of the following conducted experiments and established a test that demonstrates the power of group conformity?

answer

Asch

question

Stigmatized groups, such as gays and lesbians in the United States, are known as:

answer

out-groups

question

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between in-groups and out-groups?

answer

In-groups are more powerful

question

Marina is a ten-year-old girl who idolizes singers like Mariah Carey and Christina Aguilera. She compares herself to them and imitates them while singing in front of her bedroom mirror. These singers are known as Marina's:

answer

reference group

question

A group that helps us understand our position relative to other groups is a(n):

answer

reference group

question

Chapter 5, which explores interaction in groups, opens with a story about an Australian artist who creates a business importing and distributing food products and utilities from around the globe. Her business would not be possible without:

answer

social networks

question

Sets of dyads held together by ties between the individuals are known as:

answer

social networks

question

While a social network is ____________, a social tie ____________.

answer

the relationship between two people; explains how two people know each other

question

Janet was surprised to find out her gynecologist, Dr. Herring, was good friends with her tennis partner, Sally. Janet had met Sally years ago in graduate school, while Dr. Herring knew Sally from church. The nature of their relationship to Sally is what sociologists call a(n):

answer

tie

question

The term "six degrees of separation" came out of research undertaken by Stanley Milgram, who wanted to test:

answer

the reach of social networks

question

____________ is/are the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter preexisting networks or gain power from them.

answer

Social capital

question

What trend, related to a decline in social capital, did Robert Putnam focus on in his book Bowling Alone

answer

the declining interest in community-based activities and organizations

question

According to data presented in Chapter 5, which of the following is true regarding social capital in the United States today?

answer

Social capital is decreasing

question

The examples of more and more people bowling and eating alone are used to highlight a more general trend involving:

answer

civic disengagement and a decline in social capital.

question

Which of the following cultures is a case study of a lifestyle that has endured and maintained its traditions despite wide changes in U.S. modern life?

answer

the Amish in Pennsylvania

question

What appears to be the main reason for the success of Amish businesses when compared to other U.S. businesses?

answer

The Amish live by prioritizing the community and its social capital rather than rugged individualism

question

Although Putnam's research suggests that the United States is becoming less community oriented and more selfish, which of the following events led to a temporary revival of civic engagement among young adults?

answer

the terrorist attacks of 9/11

question

Former president George W. Bush and other religious and conservative policy makers' emphasis on abstinence programs and "virginity pledges" has led to a(n):

answer

delayed onset of sexual activity, on average

question

Which of the following is true regarding the applicability of network analysis within sociological research?

answer

It can be used in both micro-level and macro-level studies.

question

A friendship group isn't an example of a formal organization because:

answer

friends typically don't have formal rules and governing structures

question

A local organization values democracy and diversity and therefore solicits input on every decision it makes and uses recruiting strategies that are likely to attract a wide variety of applicants. These beliefs and behaviors are part of the:

answer

organizational culture

question

The ways in which power and authority are distributed hierarchically within an organization are called:

answer

organizational structure

question

C. Wright Mills's term for interlocking directorates is which of the following?

answer

the power elite

question

A process by which organizations face the same conditions, and ultimately tend to end up like each other, is known as:

answer

isomorphism

question

Sexual orientation was grounds for excluding immigrants from the United States until:

answer

1990

question

Although deviant behavior can be bad for social cohesion, it is paradoxical because:

answer

it is the deviants among us who hold society together

question

Violation of laws enacted by society is also known as:

answer

crimes

question

Durkheim's theory and research on deviance fall within which of the main sociological theories?

answer

functionalist

question

The common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide is defined by Durkheim as:

answer

collective conscience

question

When people in a society form social bonds and relate meaningfully to others on a daily basis, the society is said to exhibit:

answer

social cohesion

question

Which of Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterized premodern life?

answer

mechanical

question

Mark is a member of a small tribe in New Guinea. The majority of people in his group fish for sustenance and share their catch with all the other members. Most of the people in his culture are very similar in their values, norms, and outlook on life. Mark steals from another member of his tribe. He will probably receive which type of social realignment?

answer

Mark will be shamed in front of the entire tribe

question

When a prison offers educational opportunities, mental health treatment, and job training programs to inmates, which response to deviance is it engaging in?

answer

rehabilitative

question

Punishments that attempt to restore the status quo that existed prior to the offense are known as:

answer

restitutive

question

Sociologists refer to the set of mechanisms that creates compliance to norms as which of the following?

answer

social control

question

In industrialized societies, social sanctions are most likely:

answer

focused on the criminal's individual circumstances.

question

According to Durkheim's research, what is the primary reason that Protestants are more likely to kill themselves than Catholics and Jews?

answer

Protestantism is premised on the individual, which creates less social integration

question

According to Merton, which of the following describes a person who accepts both the goals defined by society and the means to achieve them?

answer

conformist

question

A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American Dream" lifestyle, but sells illegal drugs to achieve this, is known by Merton as a(n):

answer

innovator

question

Which of the following is a major difference between the symbolic interactionist (SI) and functionalist perspectives on deviance?

answer

SI takes a micro or close-up look at individuals to explain deviance, and functionalism looks at macro-level social systems to explain it

question

According to Becker, why do marijuana smokers enjoy using the drug?

answer

They engage in a social process of learning to define the experience as fun and pleasurable

question

The student guards in Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment behaved the way they did because:

answer

they experienced the Lucifer effect, in which they were affected by social surroundings and cultural expectations

question

If a label is said to be "sticky" when referring to deviance, it means that:

answer

it is hard to lose that label

question

After a student drops out of high school, she becomes labeled a "drop-out," and her subsequent actions and choices are explained in terms of this label.Those subsequent actions are called:

answer

secondary deviance

question

When an elementary school student is labeled as the "class clown" by his teacher, and then adopts the persona and lives up to others' expectations by acting silly, the class clown label has become a:

answer

stigma

question

Which theory explains how social context and social cues impact the way individuals act, specifically, whether or not local, informal norms allow acts such as vandalizing an abandoned car?

answer

broken windows theory

question

How does the social context affect crime, according to the broken windows theory?

answer

Evidence of disorder, such as broken windows, sends a signal that it's acceptable to engage in further deviant behaviors such as vandalism

question

What is one difference between street crime and white-collar crime?

answer

Street crime usually occurs in public; white-collar crime usually occurs in private

question

Illegal drug dealing is an example of which of the following types of crimes, as defined by sociologists?

answer

street crimes

question

Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of crimes, as defined by sociologists?

answer

white-collar crimes

question

Which theory suggests that "crime results from a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of criminal activity"?

answer

deterrence theory

question

A policy of imprisoning and monitoring criminal offenders for committing crimes in an effort to prevent them from committing more crimes is known as:

answer

specific deterrence

question

A drug dealer stops selling drugs after learning on the street that another dealer was caught and punished. This is an example of which of the following?

answer

general deterrence

question

Prisons and military boot camps are examples of what Goffman calls:

answer

total institutions

question

Modes of monitoring, examining, and regimenting individuals that are diffused throughout society, including standardized tests, are what Foucault called:

answer

disciplinary techniques

question

Which of the following statements is true regarding the current U.S. incarceration rate?

answer

It is the highest in American history

question

Which kind of inequality did Rousseau believe would always exist?

answer

physical

question

What is the term that refers to a form of wealth that can be stored for the future?

answer

assets

question

Thomas Malthus had a positive view of inequality. He defended disease, slavery, and child murder. Why?

answer

He was mentally ill

question

One of the best ways to reduce the number of children born (according to Sachs) is to:

answer

provide family planning

question

What term refers to a two-directional relationship, one that goes both ways like a conversation between two people (such as master-slave)?

answer

dialectic

question

According to the German philosopher Hegel, the master-slave relationship is one of mutual:

answer

dependency

question

You are dependent on your professor for your grade. Your professor, in turn, is dependent on you for his or her job. Hegel would call this a(n):

answer

dialectic relationship

question

The game of Monopoly follows the rules of what standard of equality?

answer

equality of opportunity

question

The modern capitalist society is an example of which type of society?

answer

bourgeois

question

Let's say you are best at building with your hands and you become a carpenter working for a local building contractor. A friend of yours is very good at programming computers, so he or she works at IBM. Yet another friend excels at science, so he or she goes to medical school and becomes a physician. Each of you is paid the exact same salary and each of you lives in the same neighborhood and drives the same type of car. What standard of equality would this be an example of?

answer

equality of outcome

question

When more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility in the hope that the others will pull the extra weight. This is referred to as:

answer

the free rider problem

question

The examination of how race and ethnicity affect income is really an examination of:

answer

stratification

question

Which social stratification system was favored in feudal Europe and the American South before the Civil War?

answer

estate system

question

A type of stratification that is based on hereditary notions of religious and theological purity and in which there is little to no individual mobility within the strata is the:

answer

caste system

question

Although Indian castes historically have been ____________, increasing rates of ____________ have made classifying children more difficult.

answer

endogamous; exogamy

question

Under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic market?

answer

class

question

Which group exploits the working class by taking more of the value of the work of laborers than they repay in wages?

answer

bourgeoisie

question

Professionals, small business owners, and craftsmen are referred to as:

answer

petit bourgeoisie

question

Sometimes individuals seek to assert or increase their status, not just through occupation but also through:

answer

living in gated communities

question

A stratification system with a governing elite—that is, few leaders who broadly hold the power in society—is called a(n) ____________ system.

answer

elite-mass dichotomy

question

Mills argues that there are three major institutional forces in modern American society in which the power of decision making has become centralized. Which of the following is NOT one of these forces?

answer

social order

question

Mills believed that centralized power in the hands of a few ____________ democracy.

answer

hurt

question

C. Wright Mills had a negative view of the elite-mass dichotomy. His viewpoint fits into what paradigm?

answer

conflict

question

A subsystem of stratification that Mills mentions is the outer fringes of the power elite. These are:

answer

individuals who count in the decisions that affect all of us, but who don't actually make those decisions

question

Pareto believed in a society in which status and mobility are based on individual attributes and ability, called:

answer

meritocracy

question

Which term refers to everything you own minus debts (such as a mortgage on your home and credit card debt)?

answer

wealth

question

Historically, Marx's capitalist class was made up of members of the:

answer

upper class

question

Which American job sector has greatly increased since the oil crisis of 1973?

answer

low-wage service work

question

What is the fastest-growing job market for people with only a high school education?

answer

food preparation

question

The government's definition of poverty for a family of four (as of 2011) is a total yearly salary of just under:

answer

$23,000

question

In political speeches about the poor, those who are believed to deserve our assistance are termed the:

answer

working poor

question

Trade of goods and services across national boundaries, as well as the mobility of businesses and labor through immigration, is called:

answer

national labor

question

____________ social mobility refers to a group or an individual transitioning from one social status to another that is situated more or less on the same rung of the ladder.

answer

Horizontal

question

The rise and fall of an individual (or group) from one social stratum to another is called ____________ social mobility.

answer

vertical

question

Mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy is called:

answer

structural

question

Typically, one moves vertically (up or down) the social ladder. If factories are moving from the United States to Mexico and that is causing major job losses in the United States, one would say that downward mobility is due to:

answer

structural mobility

question

The prestige of a person's first job out of school factors into his or her position on the ____________ model.

answer

status-attainment

question

Opponents of the estate tax argue that taxing accumulated wealth:

answer

discourages would-be entrepreneurs from taking risk

question

Soros has suggested that repealing the estate tax would result in a shift of the tax burden onto earnings, which would shift it onto people:

answer

with less money

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