question

The Club System

answer

-England -Birthplace of modern sport and sport management -18th century Development of sport clubs with limited membership -19th century Continued club evolution with standardizing of rules, settling disputes, and organizing schedules

question

Thoroughbred Racing

answer

-Races drew broad and diverse audience No admission charged -Local club system initially Racing existed for entertainment only, not financial gain; prestige more important -1830s Rail system allowed horses to compete nationally -Desire of owners to breed and train fast horses and the increasing complexity of gambling lead to more complex club system

question

The Jockey Club

answer

-Established around 1750 -Settled disputes, established rules, determined eligibility, designated officials, regulated breeding, and punished unscrupulous participants -Organized, sponsored, and promoted local events -Met need for a strong national governing body to establish rules, standards, and a mechanism for resolving disputes -Served as model for wider sport management practices in England

question

The Modern Olympic Games

answer

-International club event, with little resemblance to ancient Olympic Games -First Modern Olympics in 1896, but the revival can be traced back to at least 1850 with club-based Olympic festivals in England -Founder Pierre de Coubertin, inspired by English revivals and Victorian notions of character building and peace movements through sport, introduced concept of amateur Olympic Games every 4 years

question

Present-Day Club Structure

answer

-Commitment to serve broad membership and manage elite sport enterprise No longer local, but international -Clubs organize youth teams and academies, adult recreational leagues, and social events for members -Large built-in memberships and loyal fan bases -Characterized by nonprofit status and exclusive membership Augusta and male-only membership -Change from European club system to U.S. league system

question

American Structures

answer

-European club system did not suit the United States Lack of aristocratic tradition and prohibition against gambling -League structure arose out of harness racing, sport of the common person -Better spectator sport than thoroughbred racing Sprint vs. 4-mile race; horses could compete daily, large field of competitors -Managed by track owners and race promoters Willing to create spectator interest for sport -Issues of race fixing, management lacking credibility led to loss of popularity

question

Leagues

answer

-Baseball was first to adopt league system -Cincinnati Red Stockings: First pro team -Some teams in the league paid and some did not—created controversy -1871: Creation of National Association of Professional Baseball Players -Importance of "breakeven" financial interests of individual clubs

question

William Hulbert

answer

-Czar of baseball -1876: Took over management of National League of Professional Baseball Players -Believed stability achieved only if teams were run like businesses -Teams should compete against each other and not collude Understood that without strict rules forcing honest competition, collusion would occur -Owners must take some financial risk: Abandoning seasons early to prevent losses in short term eroded long-term faith of public -Owners must field competitive teams to be profitable. -Integrity of baseball was suspect as long as the players' honesty was questionable: Gambling prohibited and ticket prices raised

question

Early Success of National League

answer

-Excitement of pennant race -Honoring of contracts (reserve system) -Favorable media attention -Appealed to fans' loyalty and pride in their cities -Early form of revenue sharing -Rules that distributed talent

question

Leagues Today

answer

-Successful contemporary commercial sport leagues depend on consolidated league play with strong centralized control and regulation -Audience has changed Public's perception of locus of honest effort resides more with the players than with ownership structure -Single-entity structures: MLS, MLL, AFL

question

Professional Sport Tournaments-Golf

answer

-Early golf professionals were instructors and caddies. -Professional leagues failed to capture public interest or attract golf professionals. -Attempts to generate gate revenues at tournaments failed. -Stability of tournaments was achieved when prize money was put up by companies and corporate sponsors.

question

Corcoran's Tournaments

answer

-Fred Corcoran: Architect of golf tournament -Golf tournament was medium through which celebrity, politician, manufacturer, charity, town, or product gained exposure -Used athletes and golf tournaments to sell advertising space to the public -Bing Crosby and Bob Hope created charity golf tournaments in pro-am format for WWII fund-raising

question

Corcoran's Tournaments Continue After War Ends

answer

-Good business = Tax deductions -Charities encourage volunteers and good publicity for tournaments -Golf equipment manufacturers paid Corcoran to create golfer association and arrange tournaments using prize money as player payments to reduce cost of hiring player representatives -1950s press changes policy and begins naming tournament sponsor not location = free publicity

question

Golf Tournaments Today

answer

-Golf tournaments have evolved into corporate celebrations of golf and products -PGA Tour viewed as private group Set rules of eligibility -Associations not as exclusive as private clubs (Casey Martin) -Trend moving away from nonprofit private associations and toward marketing agencies and/or broadcast media

question

Importance of Women

answer

-Heraea Games (run by Sixteen Women): Ancient Greek Games for women -Intercollegiate Sport: Christine Grant and Judy Sweet -National Intramural-Recreation Sports Association (NIRSA): Annette Akins, Mary Daniels, Juliette Moore -Sport management industry: Effa Manley of Newark Eagles (Negro League) Billie Jean King (WTT, WSF) Lesa France Kennedy (NASCAR) Stephanie Tolleson (IMG) Buffy Filipell (TeamWork Online)

question

Academic Field

answer

-Continuing growth of sport industry and its importance to numerous sponsors and institutions created demand for the systematic study of sport management practices. 1957: Walter O'Malley 1966: James Mason; first master's program at Ohio 1971: University of Massachusetts -Current status More than 200 programs nationwide North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) Program evaluation Globalization Sport management degree programs throughout Europe SMAANZ EASM

question

Definition and History

answer

-Goal of sport managers To get workers to do what the manager wants in an efficient and cost-effective manner -Management theory evolved through two phases Scientific management Human relations movement -Today: Use of organizational behavior Study and application of the human side of management and organizations

question

Definition and History: Scientific Management

answer

-Taylorism -Workers should not be doing the same job different ways, but instead in the "one best way" (most efficient way) -Manager can get workers to perform job the "best way" by enticing them with economic rewards

question

Definition and History: Human Relations

answer

Hawthorne studies: Social factors in the workplace were important, and job satisfaction and output depended more on cooperation and a feeling of worth.

question

Definition and History: Organizational Behavior

answer

-Study and application of human side of management -Includes dealing with modern changes: Downsizing Globalization Information Technology Diversity -The lasting competitive advantage within organizations comes through human resources and how they are managed.

question

Functional Areas

answer

-Sport managers must perform in a number of functional areas and execute various activities in fulfilling the demands of their jobs. -Areas include planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating. -This list is not comprehensive because organizations are constantly evolving.

question

Functional Areas: Planning

answer

-Defining organizational goals and determining the appropriate means by which to achieve these desired goals -Setting course of action for the sport organization -Organizational plans should change and evolve Should not be viewed as set in stone -Managers must participate in both short-term and long-term planning

question

Functional Areas: Organizing

answer

-Putting plans into action Manager determines what types of jobs need to be performed and who will be responsible for doing these jobs -Develop an organizational chart -Develop position descriptions -Develop position qualifications -Staffing Selection, orientation, training, and development of staff members

question

Functional Areas: Leading

answer

-"Action" part of the management process -Delegation: Involves assigning responsibility and accountability for results to employees -Managers must manage any differences or changes that may take place in the organization -Managers handle conflicts, work problems, or communication difficulties; stimulate creativity; and motivate employees

question

Functional Areas: Evaluating

answer

-Measuring and ensuring progress toward organizational objectives -Progress is accomplished by the employees effectively carrying out their duties -Establish reporting systems, develop performance standards, compare employee performance to set standards, and design reward systems

question

Key Skills: People Skills

answer

-Sport management industry is a "people-intensive" industry -Interaction with unique clientele -Must be able to treat all people fairly, ethically, and with respect

question

Key Skills: Communication

answer

-Knowing how to say something to another person is equally as important as knowing what to say to another person. -Answering each question professionally and courteously wins a lifelong fan. -Sport managers must be able to treat all people fairly, ethically, and with respect. -Sport managers are often asked to give speeches. -Sport managers must be able to write in many different styles (press release, brochures, etc.

question

Key Skills: Managing Diversity

answer

-Diversity Differences between individuals, including age, race, gender, sexual orientation, disability, education, and social background -Women and minorities still underrepresented in managerial positions in the sport industry More women, people of color, and people with disabilities are needed at managerial level in the sport industry -Employment process: Recruitment, screening, selection, retention, promotion, and ending employment

question

Key Skills: Managing Technology

answer

-Usage of technology in the sport industry For example: customer data collection and advanced ticket systems -Usage of technology in the workplace For example: videoconferencing and multimedia presentations -Computerized ticketing systems such as M-ticketing, PACIOLAN, and PROLOGUE -Online surveys used for data collection -MLB Media Tracker and Fan Tracker

question

Key Skills: Decision Making

answer

-Gathering and analyzing information -Need to define problem, generate alternatives, evaluate alternatives and select best alternative -Participative decision making Employees or members of the organization participate in the actual decision-making process -Group decision making should be used when: more ideas need to be generated, there is a great deal of information to share, alternative perspectives are needed, and the fairness of the decision is highly valued

question

Key Skills: Organizational Politics

answer

-Use of power or some other resource outside of the formal definition of a person's job to get a preferred outcome -Four types of political tactics used Coalitions Outside experts Links/networks Controlling information -Sport organizations have formal (e.g., athletic director) and informal (e.g., coach) leaders. -Learning who the informal leaders are in an organization can help new sport managers understand politics of a sport organization.

question

Key Skills: Managing Change

answer

-Managers should appreciate employees' resistance to change. Plan for resistance, involve employees, and provide additional training and communications -Managers should select priorities for change. -Managers should deliver early tangible results. -Managers should publicize successes to build momentum and support. -Managers must make sure top management sponsors are fully committed to implementation.

question

Key Skills: Taking Initiative

answer

-Initiative enables you to learn about a different aspect of sport organization you are working with -Allows you to meet and interact with people outside of office you work in, thus increasing your network -Shows your employer your commitment to working in sport industry

question

Key Skills: Motivation

answer

-Critical for everyone to be on same page when it comes to working to accomplish organizational goals and objectives -Many theories: Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two factor ideas, Vroom's expectancy theory, and Adam's equity theory -Katzell and Thompson: Appropriate motives and values; attractive and consistent jobs; defined work goals; appropriate resources and supportive environments; performance reinforced; harmony

question

Current Issues

answer

-Diversity Perform self-study to evaluate effectiveness of recruitment and employment of diverse individuals -Managing technology Understand how expanding technology will improve customer relations and service -International sport management Be aware that domestic models of sport governance cannot be unilaterally imposed on other cultures -New management theories Empowerment and emotional intelligence

question

Czar of baseball; developed national league of baseball players

answer

william hulbert

question

league

answer

a profit oriented legal business entity organized so that teams can compete against each other, but also operate together in areas such as rule marketing, broadcasting, licensing, and marketing

question

national association of professional ball players napbp

answer

a group of professional baseball teams formed in 1871 any ball club that was willing to pay its elite players could join

question

the jockey club

answer

est in Newmarket, England around 1850 to settle disputes, establish rules, determine eligibility, regulate breeding, and punish in the sport of thoroughbred racing

question

james g mason

answer

co inventor with o'malley of the idea of sport management curriculum

question

the modern Olympic games

answer

international athletic event, 1896, based on ancient greek games

question

professional tournaments

answer

sporting events that are sponsored by community groups, charities, and players win their income through prize money

question

club

answer

sport management structures composed of a limited number of members who organize events, standardize rules, and settle disputes

question

national league of professional baseball players

answer

the successor to the national association of professional baseball players, formed in 1876, it was a stronger body in which authority for the management of baseball rested

question

fred corcoran

answer

the architect of the professional golf tournaments

question

north american society for sport management (nassm)

answer

an organization that promotes, stimulates, and encourages study, research, scholarly writing, and professional development in the area of sport management, in both its theoretical and applied aspects

question

walter o'malley

answer

co-inventor with james mason of the idea of a sport management curriculum. also owner of the brooklyn and los angeles dodgers from 1943 until his death in 1979

question

sport management structure

answer

plans that help managers organize and run sports; they are conceived and evolve in response to broad social changes or to address specific issues within a segment of the sport industry

question

pierre de coubertin

answer

founder of the modern olympics

question

ohio university

answer

first school to establish a masters program for sports management, founded in 1966

question

evaluating

answer

a functional area of management that measures and ensures progress toward organizational objectives by establishing reporting systems, developing performance standards, observing employee performance, and designing reward systems to acknowledge successful

question

precipitative decision making

answer

involving staff or other members of the organization in the making of choices

question

empowerment

answer

the encouragement of employees to use their initiative and make decisions within their areas of operations, an the provision of resources to enable them to do so

question

decision making

answer

a process of gathering and analyzing information so as to make a choice on how to pursue an opportunity or solve a problem

question

emotional intelligence

answer

the ability of workers to identify and acknowledge people's emotions and instead of having an immediate emotional response, to take a step back and allow rational thought to influence their actions

question

delegation

answer

assigning responsibility and accountability for results to employees

question

communication skills

answer

oral and written abilities for presenting facts and information in an organized, courteous fashion

question

organizational behavior (OB)

answer

a field-involved with the study and application of the human side of management and organizations

question

motivation

answer

the reasons why individuals strive to achieve organizational and personal goals and objectives

question

initiative

answer

going beyond one's formal job description to help the organization

question

organizational politics

answer

the use of power or other resources outside of the formal definition of a person's job to achieve a preferred outcome in the workplace

question

diversity

answer

any differences between individuals including age, race, gender, sexual orientation, disability, education, and social and economic background, that affect how people perform and interact with each other

question

scientific management

answer

the idea that there is one best way to perform a job most efficiently that an be discovered through studies of the tasks that make up a job, and the belief that managers can get workers to perform the job in this best way by enticing them with economic r

question

organizing

answer

a functional area of management that focuses on putting plans into action by determining which types of jobs need to be performed and who will be responsible for doing these jobs

question

planning

answer

a functional area of management that includes defining organizational goals and determining the appropriate means by which to achieve those desired goals

question

people skills

answer

knowing how to treat people fairly, ethically, and with respect

question

human relations movement

answer

management theory focusing on the behavior and motivations of people in the workplace

question

leading

answer

a functional area of management that is the action part of the management process; it involves a variety of activities, including delegating, managing differences, managing change, and motivating employees

question

managing change

answer

effectively implementing differences in the workplace and being aware of employees' natural resistance to them

question

managing technology

answer

being familiar with technology and using it to one's advantage

question

fan identification

answer

the personal commitment and emotional involvement that customers have with a sport organizatin

question

customer relationship management

answer

the implementation of relationship marketing practices

question

demographic

answer

related to the statistical characteristics of a group of people

question

ambush marketing

answer

a strategy that involves placement of material and promotions at an event that attracts consumer and media attention without becoming an official sponsor of that event

question

pass-by interviews

answer

on-site interviews in heavy-traffic areas (such as malls) that utilize visual aids and assess the interviewee's reaction to the visual aids

question

marketing mix

answer

the conrollable variables a company puts together to satisfy a target market group, including product, price, place, and promotion

question

psychographic

answer

related to the preferences, beliefs, values, attitudes, personalities, and behavior of an individual or group

question

relationship marketing

answer

marketing that aims to build mutually satisfying long-term relations with key parties in an attempt to earn and retain their business

question

segmentation

answer

identifying subgroups of the overall marketplace based on variety of factors, such as age, income level, ethnicity, geography, and lifestyle

question

sponsorship

answer

the acquisition of rights to affiliate or directly associate with a product or event for the purpose of deriving benefits related to that affiliation

question

target market

answer

a group of consumers to whom a product is directed

question

What is a marketer's main job?

answer

create demand

question

The term for a group of consumers to whom a product is marketed to is:

answer

target market

question

was the first company to capitalize on the term official in marketing its products.

answer

Spalding

question

Mark McCormack's sports marketing agency, IMG, began through a relationship with what athlete:

answer

Arnold Palmer

question

Nike's exploits during the 1996 Atlanta Olympics are an example of what type of marketing?

answer

ambush marketing

question

involves identifying subgroups of the overall marketplace based on factors such as age or income level.

answer

segmentation

question

Behaviors and preferences like an individual's beliefs, opinions, lifestyles, and habits are considered by marketers to be:

answer

psychographic characteristics

question

Relationship marketing occurs when sports organizations view their customers as statistics in a database.

answer

FALSE

question

Fan identification is defined as the sense of oneness with or belongingness to an organization.

answer

TRUE

question

All of the following are examples of a demographic trait or characteristic except:

answer

activities

question

Who founded the National League?

answer

William Hulbert

question

Who is recognized as the architect of the professional golf tournament?

answer

Fred Corcoran

question

The name of the part of a contract that binded a professional baseball player to his ballclub was called

answer

reserve clause

question

The first professional baseball team was the Cincinnati Reds.

answer

true

question

Tournaments today are often created by player associations rather than marketing agencies or broadcast media.

answer

false

question

The modern Olympic Games in 1896 were held in which city?

answer

Athens

question

What two themes run through this chapter's examination of sport organizations? chapter 1

answer

honesty and inclusion

question

There are more than 100 sport management programs in the United States.

answer

true

question

Two of the earlier phases used in the development of management theory are:

answer

scientific management and human relations movement

question

The underrepresentation of women, minorities, and people with disabilities in the sport industry is an important issue for sport managers who value _____ in the workplace.

answer

diversity

question

The most important asset in an organization is its

answer

PEOPLE

question

Sport managers must master their _____ skills in order to be successful

answer

communication

question

involves measuring and ensuring progress toward organizational objectives.

answer

evaluating

question

Which of the following is NOT a step in the classic model of decision making?

answer

managing technology

question

Sport management should have an international scope.

answer

true

question

Participant decision making involves the manager making all of the decisions.

answer

false

question

is a continuous process that involves establishing organizational mission statements, goals, objectives, tactics, roles, and evaluation

answer

planning

question

The sport industry in the United States is in decline.

answer

false

question

The concept of _______ is probably the best single measure of an industry's impact.

answer

value-added

question

Which of the following most accurately defines the managerial discipline of finance?

answer

how an organization generates the funds that flow into the organization and how an organization allocates its funds once they are in the organization

question

In a basic sense, financial success relies on higher:

answer

profits

question

is/are anything that an organization owns that can be used to generate future revenues.

answer

assets

question

Which statement concerning the tradeoff between financing through debt or equity is true?

answer

Generally, financing with equity is more expensive than debt. and Generally, financing with debt carries more risk than equity.

question

Which financial statement measures the financial performance of an organization over a specified time period, usually a year?

answer

income statement

question

All of the following are examples of "financial" mechanisms for altering competitive balance EXCEPT:

answer

soft salary cap luxury tax hard salary cap revenue sharing ALL ARE AKA ANSWER IS NONE OF THE ABOVE

question

Teams prefer their stadiums to have more luxury and club seating than ordinary regular seating.

answer

TRUE

question

The payroll threshold set for a luxury tax acts the same as a hard salary cap.

answer

FALSE

question

What financial mechanism helps improve the effectiveness of revenue sharing to improve competitive balance?

answer

hard salary cap

question

Before a sport manager is liable for negligence, the plaintiff must show that the sport manager owed the plaintiff a duty of care. A legal duty of care arises from which of the following origins:

answer

From a relationship inherent in a particular situation From a voluntary assumption of the duty of care From a duty mandated by a law From all of the above

question

To successfully show a defendant was negligent, a plaintiff must prove:

answer

A duty of care is owed to the plaintiff by the defendant The defendant breached the duty of care The defendant's actions were the actual and proximate cause of the plaintiff's injury There is evidence of monetary damages

question

Which of the following elements is not necessary for a valid contract?

answer

Offer and Acceptance Capacity Consideration Legality NOT-Liquidated damages**

question

A collective bargaining agreement is:

answer

the contract between the players and the owners in professional sport

question

Which of the following statements are true?

answer

A.All professional sports leagues' national broadcasting agreements are exempt from antitrust laws. B.Professional sport leagues' collective bargaining agreements are exempt from antitrust law under the labor exemption. C.National Football League is the only professional sport league exempt from antitrust laws. A&B only.

question

The U.S. Supreme Court case, PGA Tour Inc. v. Martin (2001) involved a challenge to PGA Tour rules under what statute?

answer

a bonafide occupational qualification

question

Management in professional sports supports unions much more strongly than employers in other industries.

answer

true

question

Waivers and releases of liability are contracts where parties agree to give up their right to sue for all types of torts.

answer

false

question

An example of an Equal Pay Act violation may be paying the female coach of a female athletic team less in salary than the male coach of a female team.

answer

true

question

The process of making a correct and fair decision is called

answer

ethical reasoning

question

like ethics, is concerned with values guiding behavior.

answer

Morality

question

To help with ethical decision-making, an organization should write and consult a(n)

answer

code of conduct

question

Which of the following are examples of sport organizations with codes of conduct?

answer

The National Intramural and Recreational Sports Association The American Camping Association The U.S. Olympic Committee

question

Morality can be seen through either a(n) ________ view or a(n) ________ view.

answer

absolute, relative

question

To be effective, discipline must meet which of the following criteria?

answer

meaningful and enforceable

question

When sport managers are faced with ethical dilemmas, their decisions are difficult to make.

answer

TRUE

question

Ethical decision making is done best with it is a "gut" feeling with no process.

answer

FALSE

question

Codes of conduct are only valuable within the sport industry in the United States. [X]

answer

false

question

Codes of ethics should be long and detailed.

answer

true

question

What popular current sport originated from a game by the Native Americans?

answer

Lacrosse

question

The Progressive Movement promoted athletics as a tool to:

answer

Prepare for the rigors of modern life and democracy and to assimilate immigrants into American culture

question

Historically, the most prominent private (or nonschool) agency to promote youth athletics was:

answer

Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)

question

Trainers and physical therapists are recommended to have which of the following skills?

answer

Bus driving skills Knowledge of injury and physical training Equipment knowledge ALL

question

Human resource management does not involve:

answer

creating a financial statement INVOLVES analysis of compensation, and consideration of employee wellness and employee relations AND performing a job analysis and writing position descriptions

question

Most sex discrimination challenges in high school athletics have been based on:

answer

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 state or U.S. Constitution equal protection clauses state equal rights amendments a combination of all of the above

question

Which of the following youth programs would not have to be Title IX compliant? [>]

answer

private basketball league

question

High school sports were initially organized by the federal government.

answer

FALSE

question

he administration of school and youth sports is primarily a local affair, with most policy and procedural decisions made at the district, school, or youth league level.

answer

TRUE

question

When Little League Baseball was first founded, both only boys were allowed to compete.

answer

TRUE

question

debt

answer

amount of money an organization borrows

question

income

answer

differences between revenues and expenses, also called profit

question

risk

answer

the uncertainty of the future benefits of an investment made today

question

expenses

answer

the costs incurred by an organization in an effort to generate revenues

question

budgeting

answer

the process of developing a written plan of revenues and expenses for a particular accounting cycle; the budget specifies available funds among the many purposes of an organization to control spending and achieve organizational goals

question

default

answer

occurs when a borrower is unable to repay a debt

question

assets

answer

things that an organization owns that can be used to generate future revenues, such as equipment, stadiums, and league memberships

question

competitive balance

answer

the notion that the outcome of a competition is uncertain, and thus provides greater entertainment value for spectators

question

monopoly

answer

a business or organization that faces no direct competition for its products or services and as a result possesses high bargaining power

question

luxury tax

answer

a fee that a team incurs when it exceeds a set payroll threshold

question

liabilities

answer

sum of debts an organization owes

question

revenue sharing

answer

a system in which each team receives a percentage of various league-wide revenues

question

balance sheet

answer

a financial statement that shows the assets, liabilities and owners equity of an organization

question

income statement

answer

a summary of the revenues, expenses, and profits of an organization over a given period of time

question

interest

answer

money that is paid for the use of money lent, or principal, according to a set percentage

question

rival leagues

answer

leagues that compete directly with established leagues

question

principal

answer

the original amount that an organization borrows. one who authorizes another to act on his or her behalf as an agent

question

return on investment (ROI)

answer

1) the expected dollar-value return on the financial cost of an investment, usually stated as a percentage 2) the achievement of specific marketing and sales objectives from a sport sponsership

question

owners equity

answer

the amount of their own money the owner has invested in the firm

question

bonds

answer

financial instruments typically issued by large corporate entities or governments that allow the borrower to borrow large dollar amounts usually for a relatively long period of time

question

revenues

answer

the funds that flow into an organization and constitute its income

question

salary cap

answer

a financial mechanism that limits team payroll to a percentage of league revenues, thereby preventing large market teams from exploiting their financial advantage to buy the best teams

question

virtues

answer

moral principles

question

codes on conduct

answer

statements of a company, business, organization, or profession that explicitly outline and explain the principles under which it operates and provide guidelines for employee behavior

question

systematic study of values guiding decision making

answer

ethics

question

relativism

answer

the belief that what is moral depends on the specific situation

question

ethical dilemma

answer

a practical conflict involving more or less equally compelling values or social obligations

question

absolutism

answer

the belief that moral precepts are universal, that is applicable to all circumstances

question

morality

answer

concerned with the values guiding behavior a specific type of ethical issue

question

ethical reasoning

answer

the process of making a fair and correct decision, it depends on one's values or the values of the organization for which one works

question

morals

answer

the fundamental baseline values dictating appropriate behavior within a society

question

state associations

answer

nonprofit groups that have a direct role in organizing state championships and competitions in athletics and activities and are the final authority in determining athlete eligibility

question

national federation of state high school associations (NFHS)

answer

a nonprofit organization that serves as the coordinator for high school sports as well as activities such a music debate theater and student council

question

school athletic director

answer

an administrator of a school athletic program whose responsibilities include risk management, researching and purchasing insurance, handling employment issues, ensuring gender equity, and fund-raising

question

coaches

answer

people who instruct or train players in the fundamentals or a sport and directs team strategy

question

youth league director

answer

a supervisor whose responsibilities may include hiring, supervising and evaluating coaches, coordinating nearly all facets of contest management

question

national youth league organizations

answer

groups that promote participation in a particular sport among children and are not affiliated with schools

question

progressive movement

answer

an early twentieth century social and political movement that believed in social improvement by government action and advocated economic political and social reforms

question

non-school agencies

answer

organizations that are not affiliated with the school system

question

public school

answer

a free tax-supported school controlled by a local governmental authority

question

private schools

answer

institutions that do not receive government assistance in the united states they were the first schools to provide athletic participation oppurtunities

question

trainers/physical therapy

answer

individuals who treat the ailments and injuries of the members of an athletic team

question

officials/judges

answer

individuals contractors employed by schools or leagues to supervise athletic competitions

question

governing bodies

answer

groups that create and maintain rules and guidelines and handle overall administrative tasks

question

What Is Sport Marketing?

answer

Create demand Create, Promote, Deliver goods to consumers Obtain the best possible understanding of what consumers want Includes the marketing of products, such as equipment, apparel, and footwear services, such as skill lessons or club memberships entities, such as leagues, teams, or individuals

question

History of Sport Marketing

answer

Mark McCormack Founder of IMG; first sport marketing firm in 1960s Now international and broad categories

question

broadcasting

answer

Roone Arledge: ABC Monday Night Football; combined entertainment and sports Led to proliferation of sport channels ESPN (ESPN2, etc.) Big Ten Network

question

Sport Sponsorship

answer

Sponsorship: The acquisition of rights to affiliate or directly associate with a product or event for purpose of deriving benefits related to that affiliation Albert G. Spalding Use of the word official Mark McCormack Built IMG through golfer Arnold Palmer Nike and Air Jordan Packaging of the Nike brand, product, advertising, and athlete into one personality Ambush marketing

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Product Extension and Promotion

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Bill Veeck Team must provide reasons other than the game itself for people to attend and support franchise. Create the greatest joy for the greatest number of people Ensure a pleasurable attending experience Create conversation

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Research in Sport Marketing

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Matt Levine Credited with formalizing customer research in sport industry; audience audit, intercepts (one-on-one interrviews), focus groups Pass-by interviews: On-site interviews in heavy traffic areas such as malls San Jose Sharks logo and colors changed as a result of pass-by interviews

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The Marketing Mix

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Controllable variables that company puts together to satisfy a target group 4 Ps: Product (actual event vs. experience) Price (depends on value or perceived value) Place (preselling and exceptional locations) Promotion (advertising, personal selling, publicity, and sales promotion, public relations)

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Segmentation

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Identifying subgroups of overall marketplace based on demographic, geographic, psychographic & product usage Ethnic marketing Growth of Hispanic population, ESPN Deportes Generational marketing Generation Y and action sports

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Fan Identification

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The personal commitment and emotional involvement customers have with sport organization Enhanced long-term loyalty in sport fans Sponsorship opportunities resulting from ability to tap into strong emotional connection between a fan and his or her sport team

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Relationship Marketing

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Builds mutually satisfying long term relations with key parties (consumers, suppliers, distributors) Begins with customer and encourages integration of the customer into the company Builds relationships through communication, satisfaction, and service Examples: Loyal fan gift rewards, special access to players, and special access to information

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Current Issues: Cost of Attendance

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Drastic increase in cost of attending MLB, NBA, NHL, and NFL games Increasing evidence that sport fans are not willing or able to pay such prices Do not see the value of attending a game Significant challenge for sport marketers is to develop relationship marketing strategies Key challenge for anyone in team sport marketing is increasing revenues for sport teams

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Current Issues: Database Marketing

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Creating a database that includes consumer names, addresses, and other demographic information Managing database by developing and delivering integrated marketing programs Including promotions and sales offers to targeted consumer segments Database marketing is often an integral factor in a company's decision to sponsor an event

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Current Issues: Cluttered Marketplace

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Numerous and varied entertainment options are available to a consumer with leisure time Added technological options for the next generation of sport fans Marketplace cluttered for sponsors Rise in number of athletes and events, increase in number of advertising opportunities available Future Heightened focus on marketing mainstream sports to youth; increased challenge for sport entity to demonstrate how sponsor will benefit from a sponsorship

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Current Issues: Image

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Development and cultivation of a positive image is becoming increasingly important in sport marketing. Cluttered marketplace: Imperative that corporations identify sports, events, or athletes that have unique images Corporate and athlete ethical scandals Result: Corporations are more discerning in ways that they spend their sponsorship and endorsement dollars; they may now spend more on nonprofit organizations and causes.

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What Is Finance?

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No single, universally agreed upon definition Generally refers to two primary activities of an organization: How an organization generates the funds that flow into that organization How these funds are allocated and spent once they are in the organization

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Financial Flows in Sport Organizations

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Profits/Income Difference between financial inflows (Revenues) and outflows (Expenses) Assets: Anything an organization owns that can be used to generate future revenues Teams can fund or "finance" assets in many ways: Owners' Equity: The amount of their own money owners have invested in the firm; stocks Debt: Amount of money an organization borrows; bonds College sports are nonprofit. Use budgetary transfers from the university and other innovative methods

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Some Typical Financial Decisions

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Many financial decisions ultimately revolve around management of assets Return on Investment (ROI): Expected dollar-value return on each alternative investment Risk Future benefits of investment cannot be known at time of investment Owners must decide how much they will finance with their own money and how much with borrowed money Debt carries more risk than equity does

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The Economics of Sports

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Spectator sport industry is organized much differently from nonspectator industry and from rest of American business. The existence of one franchise benefits the others. Sport leagues are considered monopolies They face no direct competition from rival leagues Gives them greater bargaining power when dealing with stakeholders (e.g., players, broadcasters, corporate sponsors, and local governments) and allows them to potentially charge higher prices Allows them to earn much higher profits than would otherwise be the case, as well as enact financial policies (e.g., salary caps, revenue sharing) that would not be possible with direct competition Only legal monopolies in United States The NFL has had the most competitors over the years including the American Football League during the 1960'and the United States Football League

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Challenges

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Increasingly large capital investments are needed to be able to continue to generate revenues. College athletics, taken as a whole, continues to be unprofitable. The revenue-generating abilities of football and men's basketball are insufficient to compensate for deficits of other sports. Competitive balance Entertainment value connected to "uncertainty of outcome" Differences in market sizes cause differences in revenue potential, which cause differences in ability to pay players, which cause differences in on-field performance Salary cap, revenue sharing, luxury tax

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sport law

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Sport law Application of existing laws to the sport setting A few laws specific to sport industry (regulation of boxing and sport agent industries, Title IX, etc.) When a dispute arises over the interpretation of a rule or regulation, sport lawyers often represent both the governing body/association and the participant(s) Involvement of sport lawyers occurs because sport organizations hire lawyers to draft their rules and regulations; thus, need lawyers to interpret them

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history

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Tort law cases involving participation in sports and games date from early evolution of tort law. Many of earliest U.S. lawsuits in sport industry involve professional baseball. Players challenged owners on reserve system that prevented players from free agency. Owners challenged each other on business of sports. First sport law course was offered in 1972 at Boston College Law School. Considerable growth over last 40 years caused by: Legal profession more specialized Amount of litigation and diversity of cases in sport industry have increased as more people rely on the courts to resolve disputes Many athletic associations have adopted own governance systems with rules, regulations, and procedures that are based on the U.S. legal system Skills in legal education are beneficial to many positions in sport industry

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Risk Management

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Developing management strategy to maintain greater control over legal uncertainty Prevention: Keeping problems from arising Intervention: Having action plan to follow when problems do occur DIM process: Develop, Implement, and Manage risk Include all employees in the three-stage process

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Judicial Review

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Occurs when plaintiff challenges a rule in sport organization and court determines whether it should review the sport organization's decision Historically, courts decline to overturn the rules of voluntary athletic organizations unless certain conditions exist Plaintiff's interest is to keep rule from applying or to force athletic association to apply it differently Plaintiffs seek injunction: An order from the court to do or not do particular action (i.e. 1. monetary damages 2. injunctive relief -force the court to apply the rule differently) Court will intervene if athletic organization: Violates/misapplies its own rule Violates a statute (typically statutes command or prohibit something) Violates public policy Violates constitutional law and it's a state actor Acts as arbitrator or in a capricious manner Exceeds the scope of its authority

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Tort Liability

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Tort: An injury or wrong suffered as the result of another's improper conduct Tort law provides monetary damages to compensate an injured person (plaintiff). Intentional torts occur when a person purposely causes harm to another or engages in activity that is substantially certain to cause harm. Gross negligence occurs when defendant acts recklessly, and fails to realize harm caused Negligence is an unintentional tort and is the most common tort that sport managers encounter

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Tort Liability Negligence

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Sport managers are negligent when: They commit an act/omission causing injury to a person to whom they owe a duty of care Negligence imposes a duty to refrain from careless acts Plaintiff must show that sport manager (defendant) owed plaintiff a duty of care and breached it A duty of care arises from relationship between plaintiff and defendant (e.g., arena operator and fan). When a duty is breached and that breach is the cause of an injury for which there are monetary damages

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Agency Law

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Agency describes a relationship in which one party, the agent, agrees to act for and under the direction of another, the principal. Purpose of agency law is to establish duties that principals and agents owe each other. Agency law is an important component of the player representation industry. Fiduciary duties inherent in principal-agent relationship Fiduciary - to act with trust and loyalty Principal's fiduciary duties: 1. To comply with a contract if one exists 2. To compensate the agent for his or her service 3. To reimburse the agent for any expenses incurred while acting on the principal's behalf Agent's fiduciary duties: 1. To obey 2. To remain loyal (disclose conflicts of interest) 3. To exercise reasonable care 4. To notify 5. To account (for information and finances on a reasonable basis)

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Vicarious Liability

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Allows plaintiff to sue superior for the negligent acts of a subordinate Employer need not be negligent to be liable Three defenses available: Employee was not negligent Employee was not acting within scope of employment Employee was an independent contractor

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Contract Law

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Contract: Written or oral agreement between two or more parties; creates legal obligation to fulfill the promises Sport managers negotiate and enter into contracts regularly with or without legal advice. A valid contract must have the following elements: Offer and acceptance (mutual assent) Consideration (value) Capacity Legality (subject matter legal and not against public policy) Breach: Once a contract is made, if a promise is broken it is considered a breach Full (entire contract) or partial (some provisions) Remedy usually money, can be injunction Waiver and releases: contract in which participant gives up right to sue Waiver signed before participation in activity Release signed after participation in activity Legality and enforcement varies in different jurisdictions

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Constitutional Law

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Developed from precedents established by courts applying language of U.S. Constitution and state constitutions to actions and policies of governmental entities Four constitutional challenges arise in sports: Due process Equal protection The right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures Invasion of privacy

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state law

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U.S. Constitution and state constitutions do not apply to private entities. Exception: In some cases a private entity is so enmeshed with the public that courts apply constitution to private entity. When a private entity meets this standard, it is called a state actor.

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Due Process: 5th and 14th Amendments

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The right to notice and a hearing before life, liberty, or property may be taken away Athletic associations may have an impact on liberty and property interests protected by due process clauses in Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments Right to play, right to be free from stigma, right to work and earn salary, and so forth

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Equal Protection: 14th Amendment

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No person shall be discriminated against unless a constitutionally permissible reason for discrimination exists Standards of review for discrimination Strict scrutiny: On the basis of race, religion, or national origin Legitimate interest: On the basis of gender; discrimination can occur only if legitimate interest for doing so exists Rational basis: Discrimination on any other status or classification

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Search and Seizure: 4th Amendment

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People have the right "to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures." Sport example: The act of taking the athlete's urine or blood for drug testing Several courts determined that private athletic associations (such as NCAA) or public high school drug testing programs do not violate state constitutional rights

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Constitutional Law Invasion of Privacy

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There is no specific amendment for invasion of privacy; The court has implied one from the constitutional amendments. Plaintiff must establish that invasion is substantial and in area for which there is an expectation of privacy. Sport cases most often arise as challenges to drug testing programs. U.S. Supreme Court has held drug testing of high school athletes is not invasion of privacy (1995). Drug Testing usually addressed in collective bargaining

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Title IX

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Comprehensive statute aimed at eliminating sex discrimination in educational institutions that receive federal funding In athletics, cases focus on three areas: Proportionate scholarship distribution Equal treatment, benefits, and opportunities given in specific program areas Degree to which educational institution has equally and effectively accommodated the interests and abilities of male and female students

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Antitrust

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Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) goal: Promote competition in the free market; break up business trusts and monopolies and prohibit anticompetitive activity by businesses Application of antitrust laws to leagues left indelible mark on structure and nature of labor-management relations Just one major professional league for each sport; thus, their domination of the market gets challenged as monopolies violating the Sherman Act

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Antitrust Antitrust Exemptions

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All professional sport leagues and tours (except MLB) are subject to antitrust rules 1922 Supreme Court Federal Baseball decision granted MLB antitrust exemption Curt Flood Act (1998): Legislative response to Federal Baseball allows MLB players to sue their employers under the Sherman Act Labor exemption Restrictive practices are exempt from antitrust law when those practices have been negotiated in a collective bargaining agreement (i.e. hours, wages and other terms of employment). Sport Broadcasting Act of 1961 exempts leagues from antitrust laws when pooling rights to enter into national broadcasting rights In past, NCAA free from antitrust As college and high schools sports grow and bring in more money, face cases

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Ethical Considerations

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Decisions that affect diverse groups of people with conflicting interests (e.g., athletes, fans, media, community, businesses) Sport managers' decisions about ethical dilemmas tend to fall under greater public scrutiny Ethical analysis involves a systematic process of reasoning: Weighing pros/cons of two or more seemingly valid choices that reflect equally cherished values

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Ethical Considerations: Codes of Conduct

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Need exists for establishing solid ethical climates in corporations. Code of conduct outlines and explains the principles under which an organization or profession operates. Codes of conduct should be clear and straightforward and encourage employees to understand the goals they are trying to accomplish

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Ethical Considerations: Morality

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Some ethical dilemmas are about choosing between right and wrong or two opposing choices. Social practices depend on people upholding certain baseline values. Morals seen as coming from higher order or common sense Many moral values in society are codified in laws, but moral behavior cannot always be legislated and people cannot be forced to act morally.

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Ethical Considerations: Morality in the Work World

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Absolutism Moral precepts are universal—applicable to all circumstances. Relativism What is moral depends on the situation. Commercial moral rules Rules of the marketplace guide activities such as sales and marketing. Noncommercial moral rules Occupations demand loyalty to an oath of office or professional standards to guard against selling out.

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Ethical Considerations: Morality and Multiple Roles

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Specific jobs in sports do not reside completely in either the commercial or the noncommercial sphere. Process of making a moral choice, of deciding what is right and wrong, involves understanding the parameters of acceptable behavior in the context of one's multiple roles in society.

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Ethical Considerations: Morality and Corruption

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Immoral behavior violates our basic assumptions and corrupts our social institutions. An immoral decision can lead to systemic corruption that can destroy a sport enterprise. Corruption usually occurs when people hop from one set of moral precepts to another. One feature of corruption is that it is systemic.

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Ethical Considerations: Moral Reasoning and Work

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Contemporary society is characterized by innovation, which continually presents new ethical dilemmas Periodically need to assess whether our current practices are in keeping with values that underlie a just society Moral and ethical principles evolve over time

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Key Skills: Ensuring Morality in the Workplace

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Rules designed to protect integrity of sports operate uncomfortably alongside business structure underwriting sports. Organizations can help individuals make moral choices by establishing standards, encouraging self-examinations, providing support structures, and enforcing codes.

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Key Skills: Self-Examination

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An effective tool to remind people of ethical actions and express institutional concern for ethical issues Ask employees to think about hypothetical ethical dilemmas Accreditation programs (NCAA)

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Key Skills: Forum for Moral Discourse

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Communication is critical to decreasing corruption and resolving ethical dilemmas. Employees should be encouraged to get together to discuss where and how they face specific problems. The process takes pressure off individuals and clarifies issues at stake.

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Key Skills: Consequences

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Employees need to know there are consequences for immoral behavior. If people understand that corruption comes with certain risks, they are less likely to engage in immoral acts. Discipline must meet two criteria: It must be (1) meaningful and (2) enforceable.

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History: School Sports

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Youth athletic participation predates formation of United States and signing of U.S. Constitution. Native American's played what game? Formally organized youth educational athletic participation did not emerge until mid-19th century. Schools and other agencies promoted sport participation to aid in solving broad social problems such as ill health and juvenile delinquency. Public schools were slow to embrace value of exercise and play, but private schools recognized value much earlier. Students organized games at college level. Athletics were incorporated into school curricula (New York, Illinois, Wisconsin). Boston-area schools formed Interscholastic Football Association in 1888.

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Twentieth Century

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Progressive Movement Educators touted athletics as tool to prepare for rigors of modern life and democracy and to assimilate immigrants into American culture Promoted child welfare by advocating for increased playground space Promoted formalized public school athletics as an antidote to regimented physical education curricula Period during and just after World War I School sports for males were promoted as a source of physical training for armed forces Sports resulted in a boost in school retention and graduation rates Athletics became entrenched in schools and educators took control of athletics from students Dr. Dudley Sargent, James Naismith, and Amos Alonzo Stagg Significant contributions toward meeting instructional and curricular development needs

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Nonschool

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YMCA: Most prominent private agency to promote youth athletics (Young Men's Christian Association) 1930-1950s: YMCA branches were opened in suburban areas that allowed female members Financial calamities of Great Depression of 1930s launched unprecedented governmental involvement in recreation

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Governance: National Federation of State High School Associations

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National coordinator for high school sports, plus activities such as music, debate, theater, and student council Encompasses 50 state high school athletics and activity associations, as well as District of Columbia, Bermuda, Guam, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and 10 Canadian provinces Coordinates official certification Issues playing rules; holds national conferences and competitions; acts as advocate/lobbying agent Structure National Council Legislative body One representative from each association Board of Directors 12 member panel elected from National Council Oversees budgets, committees, exec. Director Administrative Staff 50 people; day to day operations

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Governance: State Associations

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Replicate NFHSA model Organize state championships and competitions in athletics and activities Final authority in determining athlete eligibility The scope of activities, the size of full-time administrative and support staff, and the number of schools represented vary from state to state

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Governance: National Youth League Organizations

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Focus administrative efforts on promoting participation in a particular sports among children (e.g., Little League Baseball) Require strict adherence to administrative guidelines: Standardized field size; use of uniforms and a draft system; promote adult supervision and safe play

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Career Opportunities: School Athletic/Youth League Director

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Responsibilities Hiring, supervising, and evaluating coaches Coordinating facets of contest management, including hiring and paying of officials and event staff Departmental/league training and disciplinary policies Responsibilities Determining departmental/league budgets Overseeing all associated fund-raising Determining and verifying game scheduling and athlete eligibility Transmitting relevant publicity and handling public relations

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Career Opportunities: Coach/Trainer

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Coach Face complex human resource issues Deal with pressure Long hours with little or no pay Most must pass certification Trainer Important to avoid litigation

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Career Opportunities: Officials/Judges

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Employed by schools and leagues but are considered independent contractors because school or league exhibits no supervisory capacity over the official May require certification from national, state, and local sanctioning organizations Use of unprofessional personnel (volunteers) can leave a league liable for litigation for the actions of these individuals

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Management

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Issues: Increased pressure to win Leading to obesity (Brockton football) and more injuries (women's soccer) Players want to play and see opportunities to play in college Up to coaches to provide safe environment Equipment (using right ones, maintaining) Actual play (not playing in bad weather, minimizing physical mismatches, etc.) Evaluating coaches important Consistent performance reviews

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Financial

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Although school and youth sport organizations are not-for-profit enterprises, this does not mean that associated programs are not concerned with controlling costs and maintaining balanced budgets

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Marketing

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Corporations use youth sports to profit Disney's Wide World of Sports Complex Expanding of opportunities draws more students Bass Fishing

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Ethics

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Drug use more prevalent in youth sports Testing has high costs Students feel impervious to risk, enjoy challenging authority

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