Smith Micro Exam 3 (Fall 2011) – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| Virulence |
answer
| Pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) |
question
| Invasivness |
answer
| Ability of organism to spread throughout body |
question
| Toxigenicity |
answer
Ability to produce toxins Treponema pallidum (Syphilis): Take a long time to die Clostridium tetani: Step on a rusty nail and get puncture wound (not the deadly part), Pumps out toxins which are the dangerous part Streptococcus pyogenes: Can spread throughout body (very invasive, very toxic) |
question
| Exaltation |
answer
| Increasing virulence -Let organism go through hosts -Plasmid transfer for resistant genes it doesn’t have (yet) (Conjugation) -Mutations -Lysogenic conversion: Toxin |
question
| Attenuation |
answer
| Decrease virulence -Grow on lab media (not in a host) b/c doesn’t have all the nutrients TB – Vaccine in some countries is an attenuated live strain of TB |
question
| Acute |
answer
| Quick onset, Disease only lasts a short time -Cold, Flu, Strep throat, Hep A |
question
| Chronic |
answer
| Slow developing, Lasts longer -Hep B, Hep C, TB, Leprosy |
question
| Systemic |
answer
| Spread through every tissue in the body -Syphilis, Lyme disease |
question
| Local |
answer
| Confined to one area -Tetanus (nail puncture) -TB: Primary/pulmonary TB, Breathe it in so 1st infection is in lungs -Boils: Staph |
question
| Focal |
answer
| Infection once local, has spread throughout body NOT -Tetanus: Infection is local, toxins in body, NOT spread [Remains local] -TB: Secondary/extra pulmonary, People don’t take meds and it eats away at your lungs -Boils: When you pop it, the infection can spread down into skin |
question
| Septicemia |
answer
| Pathogenic organisms in your blood (general term) “He’s going septic!” -Bacteremia: Pathogenic bacteria in blood Staph, -Viremia: Pathogenic virus in blood HIV+: Virus is in blood, but not yet symptomatic of AIDs, Can spread infection |
question
| Pyemia |
answer
| (Pyogenic cocci) Puss producing Can cause white blood cells to phagocytize Pyemia = Infection from pyogenic organism |
question
| Toxemia |
answer
| Organism pumping toxins through your blood Tetanus, Diptheria |
question
| Sapremia |
answer
| Saprophyte, Lives off of dead material on a living host Gangrenous limb -Diabetics get it Retained placenta – Infection from pieces of placenta left behind after birth |
question
| Hyaluronidase |
answer
| Spreading factor, move between cells, Substrate that breaks down hyaluronic acid -Hyaluronic acid: Cement between cells, Help stick together Clostridium perfringens: Cause gas gangrene, G+, Anaerobic, Spores, In intestines without problems, If it gets out through an ulcer or feces it can cause gangrene Streptococcus pyogenes: Strep sore throat, Normal inhabitant of nasopharynx (nose), Usually kept in check ?Can cause Necrotizing fasciitis, Hyaluronidase can go deep in tissue and destory |
question
| Collagenase |
answer
| Breaks down collagen in connective tissue -Collagen: One of most common proteins (tendons, bones, ligaments) Anaerobes like to live in connective tissue b/c not a lot of blood and oxygen in the area, Hard to treat when blood isn’t there [Ex-Clostridium perfringens] |
question
| Lecitinase |
answer
| Can break down phospholipids, so destroys cell membranes including red blood cell membranes, Lyse cells when break membrane, Toxin b/c reduces number of red blood cells (Anemia) Anoxia (Hypoxia): ? Fewer blood cells reduces amount of oxygen -Lecithin: Phospholipid, R group=Choline Clostridium perfringens: Anaerobic, so likes the environment created by lecitinase breaking RBCs -Hemolysin |
question
| Streptolysins |
answer
| Destroys RBCs, Strep genus = Produced by streptococci and certain strep pyogenes -Hemolysin |
question
| Hemolysins |
answer
| Reduce # of RBCs, Reduce amount of oxygen, LECITINASE AND STREPTOLYSINS |
question
| Leucocidin |
answer
| Destorys White Blood Cells [WBCs] “Luco” = White blood cell (from leucocytes) “Cidin” = Kill Common in Pyogenic cocci: Staphylococci, Streptococci have this enzyme White blood cells do phagocytosis to destroy these organisms -Stap and Strep, using this enzyme, destroy white blood cells = Create puss (“pyogenic”) - Use WBC as taxi to get around body |
question
| Kinases |
answer
| Destroy fibrin -Staphylokinase: Created by staphylococci -Streptokinase: Created by streptococci Fibrin = Important for clots -Local infection (pimple, boil): In center is puss where staph is fighting with WBC -Fibrin is trying to wall off the area (clot) around the center -Kinases break down that clot and try to keep living/infecting the area (bad) |
question
| Endotoxins |
answer
| GRAM – organisms, Part of outer membrane containing LPS (lipopolysaccharides), Nonspecific E. Coli: Intact cell does not release endotoxin, When dies it releases endotoxin -Low concentration: Fever -High concentration: Shock = Hypotension: Low Blood Pressure, Blood not flowing to organs so they die Water: “Pyrogen free” = Causes fever [READING ASSIGNMENT] -LPS from outer membrane cause fever -Want this water to be sterile: Put in Autoclave at 121.5 C for 15 minutes = Sterile (but not safe) -Endotoxin is not heat labile (still alive despite autoclaving) ?So if inject that into patient you will get fever/shock depending on concentration |
question
| GRAM – Shock |
answer
| Compromised patient (diabetic) has G- infection, Antibiotic kills G- organisms which causes them to release endotoxin and sends patient into shock Causes fever, hypotension, ? respiration, Organ failure due to low blood pressure -Get rid of this endotoxin through filtration (b/c not heat labile) |
question
| Nonspecific |
answer
| All G- release endotoxin and cause same symptoms |
question
| Exotoxins |
answer
| Specific, Have varied effects on patients Clostridium tetani: Tetanus, Produces tetanospasmin -Tetanospasmin (toxin): Neurotoxin, Paralyzes nerves, Goes to diaphragm stopping breathing and cause death Streptococcus pyogenes: Strep sore throat, -Erythrogenic toxin: Super antigen: Causes body to produce a lot of antibodies, So many that you have an allergic reaction =Scarlet Fever Staphylococcus aureus: Enterotoxin Escerichia coli: Enterotoxin Enterotoxins = “Enteric” organism is in digestive, Cause vomiting and diarrhea |
question
| Signs = |
answer
| Objective, Quantitative (measured) Fever – Measure on a thermometer and see if you have a fever or not Swelling Paralysis – How far you can move your joints, measure |
question
| Symptom = |
answer
| Subjective, Qualitative (difficult to measure) Malaise – Sick or ill Pain – High tolerance vs low tolerance Happy face scale ? :/ Line scale: Look at line |
question
| Syndrome = |
answer
| Group of signs and symptoms that defines a disease Cold/Flu – See the signs for each AIDs – Weren’t sure if they had HIV or AIDs because it took 8-9 years to show, Include more people in the diagnoses so more people were covered for the drugs |
question
| Feces: Water and food being contaminated with feces, Eat it and get disease |
answer
| Salmonella E. Coli Typhoid Hepatitis A (virus) – Got on onions via feces Polio – Spread via feces so not clean if you get polio, “Dirty disease” |
question
| Urine |
answer
| Typhoid fever: Trick epithelial cells to phagocytize and spread through tissues (Urinary tract) STDs: Can you get them from urine Urethritis: Gonorrhea ?Can lead to pharyngitis (in the throat) |
question
| Sputum |
answer
| Spit/Saliva Cold/Flu – CDC says have to train patients how to cough and sneeze safely (cover nose/mouth) Tuberculosis Pneumonia Rabies – Spread by saliva, even without bite HIV/AIDs – Cannot get from saliva, <1 virus / mL |
question
| Secretions |
answer
| MRSA – People usually have MRSA on them (lesions/boils), Can be spread via sport contact Genital herpes – Can spread even if no lesions Chicken Pox – Lesions hurt and spread infection Syphilis – Many different lesions that may or may not spread disease Gonorrhea – Pus dripping out of urethra, “The Drip” |
question
| Blood: Blood borne Pathogens |
answer
| AIDs Hepatitis B (lasts longer dry) Hepatitis C Malaria – Mosquito bite |
question
| Species Immunity / Species Barrier |
answer
| Smallpox – Only effects humans Cows can get cowpox but not smallpox WHO vaccinated every single person to wipe it out, Kept some extra for safety Typhoid Salmonella typhi – Bacterial, Humans are only host, More dangerous, Fecal (oral-fecal route) -Salmonella typhimurium – Food poisoning, Not as deadly, Many hosts to spread this (Mammals, Reptiles, Birds, NOT amphibians) Hand, Foot and Mouth – Human disease, Blisters on extremities in mouth -Cows get Hoof & Mouth disease – Cow disease, Cows step in dung and get it, Can’t eat Coxsackie virus – BOTH are Enteric (intestines- out through feces), Like chicken pox blisters [DISEASES NOT BLOCKED BY SPECIES IMMUNITY] Salmonella typhimurium – Food poisoning TB – Can get from other animals (cows, birds) Rabies – Can get from other animals |
question
| Racial Immunity |
answer
| Tuberculosis – Common in American Indians, Not due to race but poor nutrition Malaria – Black Africans with sickle cell anemia, Hemoglobin moon shaped and sticky, Can’t get malaria Africa has high rates of Malaria, So high rate of mutations -Evolution = Rates going up b/c good against Malaria Duffy Factor: Absence of a gene that allows Malaria to infect them, (Or Absence of-) CCR5 AIDs: Black death or Smallpox CCR5 Coreceptor – Allows disease to affect Delta 32 Mutation = Faulty CCR5 coreceptor, Cannot get AIDs (HIV will not progress) [5% have] Black Death (virus) may have caused mutation. Looking at Smallpox from 1300s (same time) b/c is bacteria |
question
| Duffy Factor |
answer
| Absence of a gene that allows Malaria to infect them, (Or Absence of-) |
question
| Delta 32 Mutation |
answer
| Faulty CCR5 coreceptor, Cannot get AIDs (HIV will not progress) [5% have] |
question
| Individual Immunity |
answer
| Athlete’s Foot – Not everyone in family will have it Multiple Sclerosis – Human Herpes Virus #6, Causes Roseola (baby rash), Overreaction leads to MS Rheumatic Fever – Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes ? Scarlet Fever |
question
| Individual and General Health |
answer
| Age, Gender, Mental State, Living Conditions, Occupation, Fatigue, Nutrition |
question
| Age: Who is most at risk? |
answer
| Very young – Not exposed to subclinical doses making you more susceptible, Immune system not fully developed Serum protein = Compliment, Helps antibodies recognize things as foreign, Proteins attach to show foreign Old – Damage body over lifetime (underlying disease), ? Decreased antibody production Stronger dose of flu vaccine for over 65 patients |
question
| Gender: More likely to get some infections |
answer
| UTI – Female, Shorter urethra (anatomical reason) Gonorrhea – Female “Healthy carrier”, Spread disease without seeing symptoms Syphilis – Female “Healthy carrier”, Spread disease without seeing symptoms TB – Non-white male over 30, Non-white female over 60 (greater resistance) |
question
| Mental State |
answer
| Having a positive mental state may help fight infections Endorphins |
question
| Living Conditions |
answer
| Middle to Upper Class – Expose less to some disease = More prone to diseases Polio – Live vaccine exit through feces, Eat w/ unwashed hands causes disease not immune to |
question
| Occupation |
answer
| Rescue Firefighters – Hepatitis C |
question
| Fatigue |
answer
| Not enough rest, More likely to get infections Cold sores Genital Herpes Mononucleosis – Infectious |
question
| Nutrition |
answer
| Many starving people, #1 cause of poor individual health |
question
| Leukocytes |
answer
| Granulocytes:-Neutrophils-Eosinophils-Basophils: Agranulocytes-MonocytesDendritic cellsMacrophages-Lymphocytes:B lymphocytesT lymphocytes |
question
| Granulocytes: |
answer
| Large granules (specks) inside cell seen when do differential stain “Polymorphonuclear leukocytes” = Many different shapes |
question
| -Neutrophils |
answer
| (most common) of WBC count, On a slide will see mostly neutrophils Phagocytic cell – Lysozyme for phagocytosis of bacteria, In granules/Part of pus |
question
| -Eosinophils |
answer
| 1-3%, Have lysozyme but not phagocytic cell going after bacteria Go after antigen-Antibody Complexes: Phagocytize these, Important in allergic reactions Produce toxins against “large” parasites – Eukaryotic = Helminthes (worm), Fungus (yeasts) |
question
| -Basophils |
answer
| : <1%, Histamines and Heparin in granules, Motile, Increase when allergic reaction happens Heparin = Anticoagulant, Prevents blood from clotting, Sometimes don’t want clot so WBC can go Histamines: Vasodialator (increase diameter of blood vessels), Allow more blood to flow [Mast Cells: Similar to Basophils, Have Histamines and Heparin, Found in tissues, -Protect against smoking damage in lung cells, Nonmotile] |
question
| Agranulocytes |
answer
| W/o granules “Mononuclear leukocytes” = One basic shape, maybe a little change |
question
| -Monocytes |
answer
| 3-8% WBC count, Two lines to dendritic and macrophage cells Dendritic cells: Extensions (lobe-like), Antigen presenting cells, Found in tissues and skin Needle prick - Dendritic cells will present issue to other WBC Macrophages: Largest phagocytic cells Wandering Macrophages: Found in blood, Leave if have immediate infection Fixed Macrophages/Histeocytes: “histeo”= found in tissues, Leave permanently becoming RES -Lymphomatic System: RES = Reticulo Endothelial System (MPS = Mononuclear phagocytic system) |
question
| Lymphocytes |
answer
| 20-30% B lymphocytes: Humorel immunity = Blood, Responsible for making antibodies T lymphocytes: Cell mediated immunity = Regulate antibody production, Regulate chemicals making more/less |
question
| Lucocytosis: |
answer
| Increase in WBC count |
question
| Neutrophilia |
answer
| Increase in # of neutrophils, Common in bacterial infections (Staph, Strep) |
question
| Lymphocytosis |
answer
| Increase in # lymphocytes, Common in viral infections (Mononucleosis) |
question
| Eosinophilia |
answer
| Increase in # eosinophils, Common in eukaryotic/large parasites and Allergic reactions |
question
| Leukopenia/Leukocytopenia |
answer
| ? Decrease in WBC |
question
| -Neutropenia |
answer
| Caused by Chloraphenicol, Sulfonamide, Radiation, Diseases – TB, Typhoid, Measles, Flu |
question
| -Lymphopenia/Limphocytopenia |
answer
| HIV+ going to AIDs 500-1,000 limphocytes/µL = normal 200 / µL = Susceptable to AIDs |
