Sensations & Perceptions Ch 1-15 – Flashcards

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Which of the following methods are used to measure the quantitative relationship between the stimulus and perception?
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classical psychophysical methods
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Visual form agnosia is a problem of the ____ step of the perceptual process.
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recognition
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The primary receiving area for hearing is located in the ____ lobe.
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temporal
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Using Weber's Law, if the DL for a 100 gram weight standard is 2 grams, then the DL when using a 200 gram standard would be ____ grams.
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4
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Synaptic vesicles contain chemicals called ____ that are released across the synapse to the next neuron.
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neurotransmitters
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An advantage of ____ coding of visual object representation is that a large number of stimuli can be signaled by a few neurons.
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distributed
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A neuron studied by Quiroga et al. responded to
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All of these caused the cell to fire.
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When using the method of limits, the absolute threshold is determined by calculating
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the average of the "cross-over" points.
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Which of the following statements best defines the "propagated response"?
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Once a response is triggered, the response travels the length of the axon without decreasing in amplitude.
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The rate of firing of the postsynaptic neuron depends on the amount of ____ input it receives from the presynaptic neuron.
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both excitation and inhibition
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At the beginning of the action potential, ____ ions flow from outside the nerve fiber into the nerve fiber.
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positive sodium
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The three major parts of a neuron are
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dendrites, cell body, and axon.
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The psychophysical method in which stimuli of varying intensities are presented in ascending and descending orders in discrete steps is called the method of
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limits
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The process of transforming energy in the environment into electrical energy in the neurons is called
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transduction
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Stevens's Power Law
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can describe the relationship between the stimulus and the perceived magnitude in all senses.
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The area on the retina that influences the firing rate of the neuron is called the
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receptive field.
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____ is needed so a person can focus on a specific stimulus in the environment.
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Attention
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Which of the following is a reason for studying perception?
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All of these.
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The human response to electric shock demonstrates response expansion. This is important because
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we tend to withdraw even from weak shocks.
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Mueller theorized that stimulating the neurons in the eye results in seeing, and that stimulating the neurons in the ear result in hearing. This is known as the
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Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies.
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The consonant sound "____" is produced by placing your bottom lip against your upper front teeth and then pushing the air between the lips and the teeth.
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F
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If a listener is asked to pay attention to speech provided by familiar voices, the ____ is activated, as shown by fMRI studies.
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both the FFA and STS
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There are ____ phonemes that have vowel sounds in the English language.
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thirteen
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Palmeri et al. had participants listen to a word list that was spoken by (1) the same speaker, or (2) different speakers. In a subsequent recognition memory test, participants were
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more accurate when one speaker said all of the words.
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Computer speech recognition is
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worse than human speech recognition.
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Japanese children at the age of ____ can tell the difference between the /r/ sound and the /l/ sound just as well as American children.
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6 months old
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Top-down processing can help
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All of these.
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Brain scanning research has shown that the ____ is responsible for identifying sounds, and the ____ is responsible for locating sounds.
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"what" (ventral) stream; "where" (dorsal) stream
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The problem of variability from the way different people speak can be demonstrated by
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all of these.
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The function of the skin is
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all of these are functions of the skin
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____ is the inability to smell due to injury or infection
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Anosmia
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The duplex theory of texture perception refers to the importance of
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temporal cues and spatial cues.
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The somatosensory system
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is comprised of cutaneous sensations, proprioception, and kinesthesis.
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The ____ are responsible for the perception of rapid vibrations, such as you would experience when using a hand-held massager.
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Pacinian corpuscles
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Jan is a right-handed violin player. The cortical representation for the fingers on her left hand is
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larger than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician.
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Which if the following is an "exploratory procedure" identified by Lederman and Klatzky?
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All of these are EPs.
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Dogs are more sensitive to smells than humans because
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dogs have many more olfactory receptors than humans.
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By rubbing armpit sweat from "donor women" on the upper lips of women, McClintock supported hypothesis that olfaction is important in explaining
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menstrual synchrony.
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Penfield mapped locations of body parts on area S1 by
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stimulating S1 areas in humans, and asking them where they felt body sensations.
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Finding the neural code for odor molecules
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has focused on which chemical odorants cause the olfactory neurons to fire.
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The relationship between an odorant's smell and its recognition profile is similar to ____ in vision.
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trichromatic coding for color.
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The "life-span" of olfactory receptors in humans is
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5 to 7 weeks.
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The nerve fibers in the spinal cord go in
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both the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway.
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The density of the ____ on the fingertips than on the palms.
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Merkel receptors is higher
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The ____ are located near the border of the epidermis and surface of the skin, and are associated with sensing fine details.
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Merkel receptors
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Olfactory signals from the glomeruli project to
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all of these.
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When presented with a common odor like banana or motor oil, participants can identify the odor approximately ____% of the time.
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50
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An onion smell is presented to a participant, and is told that it is "body odor" or it is "pizza." The participant will perceive the odor
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more favorably if it is labeled "pizza" than "body odor."
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Endorphins
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are morphine-like substances found in the body.
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Listening to someone speak a foreign language is used as an example of
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the segmentation problem.
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The McGurk effect illustrates the importance of ____ on speech perception.
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vision
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Saffron et al. (1996) found that 8-month-old infants listened to ____ test stimuli longer, providing evidence that infants are capable of ____ learning.
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part word; transitional probability
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The ____ is the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of the word.
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phonemes
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The discovery of ____ is used as support for the motor theory of speech perception.
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audiovisual mirror neurons
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A person with Wernicke's aphasia
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produces fluent speech, but in nonsensical "word salads."
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Damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe results in difficulty
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in speaking.
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Jessica looks at Ashlee on a videotape. Ashlee's lips are making the movement for the sound /ga-ga/, but the sound that is actually presented is the acoustic signal for /ba-ba/. What sound is Jessica most likely to report hearing?
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/da-da/
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The vowel sound /ae/ (as in "had") has
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formants at 500 Hz, 1700 Hz, and 2500 Hz.
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The existence of phonetic boundaries
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has been demonstrated using discrimination experiments.
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Convergence results in ____ sensitivity and ____ acuity.
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increased; decreased
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Duncan and Boynton found that the cortical magnification factor
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is different between humans, with a greater foveal magnification factor for people with better acuity.
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LASIK surgery is used to treat ____ by cutting a small flap in the ____.
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myopia; cornea
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Unlike simple cells, complex cells respond best to
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moving stimuli.
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In Hermann's grid, gray areas appear at the intersections because
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the amount of inhibition right at the intersections is twice as great as the inhibition between each square.
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The dorsal extrastriate pathway goes to the ____ lobe.
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parietal
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You can create a version of the ____ by illuminating a light-colored surface with a desk lamp and casting a shadow with a piece of paper.
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Mach bands
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Light can be described in terms of wavelength, or as consisting of small packets of energy called
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photons.
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To isolate the rod portion of the dark adaptation curve, researchers
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use rod monochromats as the participants.
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The structure of the eye that provides about 80% of the eye's focusing power is the
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cornea
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The blind spot is located
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where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
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Lateral inhibition has been used to explain
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the Hermann Grid, Mach bands, and simultaneous contrast.
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The arrangement of ocular dominance columns in the cortex is the
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alternating between left eye and right eye.
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The flow of information in the LGN is best described as
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bi-directional, with signals coming from the retina and the cortex to the LGN.
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A structure that is specialized to process information about a particular type of stimulus is called a
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module.
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According to Goldstein, the evolutionary explanation of neural specialization is
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supported by evidence of motion- and depth- specific neurons in the newborn monkey
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The Nobel Prize winners who conducted the pioneering research on the physiology of striate cortex neurons were
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Hubel and Wiesel.
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The different types of cortical cells are also called
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feature detectors.
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There are ____ different cone receptors, each with different absorption spectra.
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3
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When you stare at a grating of wide bars for 55 seconds, then look at a grating with narrow bars, the narrow bars will
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seem to be thinner than they actually are.
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A masking stimulus is used to
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stop persistence of vision.
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A voxel is
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a small cube-shaped area of the brain about 2 mm on each side.
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The theory of unconscious inference
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is closely related to the "likelihood principle."
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Humans use the ____ to determine shape from shading.
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light-from-above heuristic
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"Learning from past experience" as a factor involved in attention was demonstrated by Shinoda et al. (2001), who showed that drivers are more likely to detect stop signs when they were positioned at
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at the intersection.
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____ is when a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the person is looking directly at the stimulus.
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Inattentional blindness
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One reason humans can function without being able to detect every detail of a visual scene is
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we "fill in" details based on scene schemas.
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The Olympic symbol is an example of the Gestalt law of
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Pragnanz.
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Gestalt "laws" are more accurately described as heuristics because they
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provide a "best-guess" as to perception of an object.
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Levin et al. (2000) found that ____% of people think they will be able to detect changes in a scene, and when tested, ____% of the people actually detected the changes.
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83; 11
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The synchrony hypothesis
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is a physiological explanation to the binding problem.
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Humans need approximately ____ to perceive the gist of a scene.
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250 milliseconds
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The ____ effect is that humans perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations.
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oblique
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When a person scans a visual scene, he/she usually makes about ____ fixation(s) per second.
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3
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One aspect of the visual system that helps us achieve selective attention is
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the concentration of cones in the fovea.
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In Reddy et al.'s (2007) "dual-task condition", which task was accurately done 90% of the time?
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identifying the gender of a face.
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Grill-Spector et al.'s (2004) "Harrison Ford" study showed that object recognition is associated with ____, and detection is associated with ____.
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a large response from the FFA; a smaller response from the FFA
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Shelby watches the movie "Slumdog Millionaire". When Jamal is in the "hot seat" on the game show "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?," Shelby is looking at Jamal's eyes. Shelby is most likely
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non-autistic.
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The spreading enhancement effect of attention can help us perceive
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occluded objects.
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One criticism of recognition-by-components theory is
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geons do not usually provide enough information to discriminate between different objects that have the same basic components.
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Which of the following is true about the corollary discharge theory?
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It can explain why you see a bird moving in flight when you are following it with your eyes.
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The ecological approach emerged as a reaction
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to the artificiality of laboratory approach to studying vision.
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Our ability to perceive movement when reading "message boards" used in advertising, is based on
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apparent movement.
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The ____ is demonstrated when you look through a circle you make with your fingers, and move a pencil either horizontally or diagonally behind your fingers.
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aperture problem
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Mirror neurons
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all of these
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Affordances
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provide the observer possibilities for action.
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Percy is injected with a drug that paralyzes his eye muscles. When he is instructed to try to move his eye when looking a stationary scene, he perceives
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movement, because there is a CDS, but not an IDS.
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Information that remains constant even though the observer is moving is called
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invariant information.
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The patient of Zihl et al., who had cortical lesions that affected her motion perception, had
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difficulty following conversations.
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Mira gently pushes on her eye with her finger. Because her eye muscles push against the force of her finger, which keeps the image in the same location, she perceives the visual scene
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to be jiggling.
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Which of the following stimuli is most likely to show the greatest representational momentum?
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a rocket
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A ____ is a device that would allow a paralyzed person to do simple motor tasks, such as moving a computer mouse.
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neural prosthesis
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When you look at a spiral that is appearing to move inward for 45 seconds, and then look at the spiral when it is not moving, the spiral will appear to be
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moving in an outward direction.
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Which of the following situations would most likely cause an audiovisual mirror neuron to fire?
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when the monkey sees a peanut breaking and hears the sound of the peanut breaking
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An afterimage when viewed in the dark appears to move when you move your eyes. This is what the Corollary Discharge Theory would predict because
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there is no IDS, but there is a CDS.
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"Optical flow neurons" have been found in the monkey's
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medial superior temporal (MST) area.
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Camouflage can be interpreted as a problem of
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figure-ground segregation.
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As you drive across a bridge, the optic flow is rapid close to the car, but there is no flow
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at the focus of expansion.
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If you close both your eyes while standing on one foot,
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you lose your balance more quickly than if your eyes are open.
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Ramachandran and Anstis rapidly presented one dot above another dot in frame 1, and then presented the top dot in frame 2 (in a position to the right of where the top dot was in frame 1) and a square in a position to the right of the bottom dot. Observers in this condition perceived
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the bottom dot moving horizontally to the right and being occluded by the square, and the top dot moving to the horizontally to the right.
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Adding more white to a color changes the color's
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saturation
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Color constancy works best when
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a color object is surrounded by many different colors.
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According to Gregory's misapplied size constancy scaling hypothesis, we perceive the "arrows pointing out" version of the Muller-Lyer illusion as
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shorter, because it is perceived as being closer.
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Motion parallax
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is widely used to create depth in cartoons and video games.
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A unilateral dichromat
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has trichromatic vision in one eye and dichromatic vision in the other eye.
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The key to the Ames Room illusion is
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the room is constructed of trapezoids, but looks rectangular to the observer.
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A person can see binocular depth from pictures by
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all of these can be used.
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Myranda looks at a photograph of a truck. Which of the following best describes how she will perceive this photograph?
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Her perception of the size of the truck will depend on the known size of the objects located next to the truck.
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The imaginary plane in which all objects project to corresponding points in the left and right retina is
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the horopter.
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The approximate visual angle of the width of your thumb held at arm's length is ____ degrees.
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2.0
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The signaling function of color can be exemplified by
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both knowing to stop at a red light and knowing banana ripeness.
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According to Day's "conflicting cues theory", the perception of vertical line lengths depends on
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the actual length of the lines and the overall length of the figure.
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The rarest form of dichromatism is
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tritanopia
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The correspondence problem is best demonstrated by
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random-dot stereograms.
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Cerebral achromatopsia is when a person
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has normal cone functioning, but can not experience color due to a brain injury.
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The wavelength distributions from a light bulb and from sunlight are
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different, with the light bulb distribution having much higher amounts of energy at long wavelengths.
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Deletion and accretion are
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effective for detecting depth at an edge.
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A monochromat experiences
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black, white, and grays.
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If you look at a folded index card though a pinhole, you see the border as a(n) ____ because the card looks ____.
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reflectance edge; flat
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Which color is categorized as an extra-spectral color?
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purple
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The cue of interaural level difference is
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not effective for low-frequency sound stimuli.
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The principle of auditory grouping called ____ is responsible for melody schema.
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experience
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The highest sound intensity level allowed for previews in a movie theater is now ____ dBs.
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86
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Sound that reaches the ears after bouncing off a wall or a floor is called
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indirect sound
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The question "If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, would there be a sound?" is useful because it highlights that "sound" can be
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both a perceptual and physical stimulus.
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Vision: figure-ground segregation :: Audition: ____.
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auditory scene analysis
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Helen Keller, who was born deaf and blind, felt that being ____ was worse because ____.
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deaf; it isolated her from people
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Melodic channeling, or the scale illusion, is based on the auditory grouping law ____.
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similarity of pitch
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The outer ear consists of
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the pinnae, the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane.
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The function of the muscles of the middle ear is to
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dampen the ossicles vibrations at high intensities.
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Garner and Garner showed that smoothing out the nooks of the pinnae
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makes it more difficult to locate sounds along the elevation coordinate.
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The role of the middle ear is
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to amplify the vibrations between the air in the outer ear and the liquid in the inner ear.
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Humans can localize sounds most accurately
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when the sound is directly in front of them.
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Spectral cues for auditory localization are provided by
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the head position and the pinnae.
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The "S" in the S/N ratio in a classroom is the:
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level of the teacher's voice.
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The wave form pattern of a pure tone is a(n)
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sine wave.
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The speed of sound through air is
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340 meters per second.
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The range of human hearing is between ____ Hz.
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20 and 20,000
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A complex tone can be created by starting with a pure tone, called the ____, and adding frequencies that are multiples of this first frequency.
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fundamental frequency
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The horizontal axis in auditory localization is called the
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azimuth.
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