question

Which of the following methods are used to measure the quantitative relationship between the stimulus and perception?

answer

classical psychophysical methods

question

Visual form agnosia is a problem of the ____ step of the perceptual process.

answer

recognition

question

The primary receiving area for hearing is located in the ____ lobe.

answer

temporal

question

Using Weber's Law, if the DL for a 100 gram weight standard is 2 grams, then the DL when using a 200 gram standard would be ____ grams.

answer

4

question

Synaptic vesicles contain chemicals called ____ that are released across the synapse to the next neuron.

answer

neurotransmitters

question

An advantage of ____ coding of visual object representation is that a large number of stimuli can be signaled by a few neurons.

answer

distributed

question

A neuron studied by Quiroga et al. responded to

answer

All of these caused the cell to fire.

question

When using the method of limits, the absolute threshold is determined by calculating

answer

the average of the "cross-over" points.

question

Which of the following statements best defines the "propagated response"?

answer

Once a response is triggered, the response travels the length of the axon without decreasing in amplitude.

question

The rate of firing of the postsynaptic neuron depends on the amount of ____ input it receives from the presynaptic neuron.

answer

both excitation and inhibition

question

At the beginning of the action potential, ____ ions flow from outside the nerve fiber into the nerve fiber.

answer

positive sodium

question

The three major parts of a neuron are

answer

dendrites, cell body, and axon.

question

The psychophysical method in which stimuli of varying intensities are presented in ascending and descending orders in discrete steps is called the method of

answer

limits

question

The process of transforming energy in the environment into electrical energy in the neurons is called

answer

transduction

question

Stevens's Power Law

answer

can describe the relationship between the stimulus and the perceived magnitude in all senses.

question

The area on the retina that influences the firing rate of the neuron is called the

answer

receptive field.

question

____ is needed so a person can focus on a specific stimulus in the environment.

answer

Attention

question

Which of the following is a reason for studying perception?

answer

All of these.

question

The human response to electric shock demonstrates response expansion. This is important because

answer

we tend to withdraw even from weak shocks.

question

Mueller theorized that stimulating the neurons in the eye results in seeing, and that stimulating the neurons in the ear result in hearing. This is known as the

answer

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies.

question

The consonant sound "____" is produced by placing your bottom lip against your upper front teeth and then pushing the air between the lips and the teeth.

answer

F

question

If a listener is asked to pay attention to speech provided by familiar voices, the ____ is activated, as shown by fMRI studies.

answer

both the FFA and STS

question

There are ____ phonemes that have vowel sounds in the English language.

answer

thirteen

question

Palmeri et al. had participants listen to a word list that was spoken by (1) the same speaker, or (2) different speakers. In a subsequent recognition memory test, participants were

answer

more accurate when one speaker said all of the words.

question

Computer speech recognition is

answer

worse than human speech recognition.

question

Japanese children at the age of ____ can tell the difference between the /r/ sound and the /l/ sound just as well as American children.

answer

6 months old

question

Top-down processing can help

answer

All of these.

question

Brain scanning research has shown that the ____ is responsible for identifying sounds, and the ____ is responsible for locating sounds.

answer

"what" (ventral) stream; "where" (dorsal) stream

question

The problem of variability from the way different people speak can be demonstrated by

answer

all of these.

question

The function of the skin is

answer

all of these are functions of the skin

question

____ is the inability to smell due to injury or infection

answer

Anosmia

question

The duplex theory of texture perception refers to the importance of

answer

temporal cues and spatial cues.

question

The somatosensory system

answer

is comprised of cutaneous sensations, proprioception, and kinesthesis.

question

The ____ are responsible for the perception of rapid vibrations, such as you would experience when using a hand-held massager.

answer

Pacinian corpuscles

question

Jan is a right-handed violin player. The cortical representation for the fingers on her left hand is

answer

larger than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician.

question

Which if the following is an "exploratory procedure" identified by Lederman and Klatzky?

answer

All of these are EPs.

question

Dogs are more sensitive to smells than humans because

answer

dogs have many more olfactory receptors than humans.

question

By rubbing armpit sweat from "donor women" on the upper lips of women, McClintock supported hypothesis that olfaction is important in explaining

answer

menstrual synchrony.

question

Penfield mapped locations of body parts on area S1 by

answer

stimulating S1 areas in humans, and asking them where they felt body sensations.

question

Finding the neural code for odor molecules

answer

has focused on which chemical odorants cause the olfactory neurons to fire.

question

The relationship between an odorant's smell and its recognition profile is similar to ____ in vision.

answer

trichromatic coding for color.

question

The "life-span" of olfactory receptors in humans is

answer

5 to 7 weeks.

question

The nerve fibers in the spinal cord go in

answer

both the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway.

question

The density of the ____ on the fingertips than on the palms.

answer

Merkel receptors is higher

question

The ____ are located near the border of the epidermis and surface of the skin, and are associated with sensing fine details.

answer

Merkel receptors

question

Olfactory signals from the glomeruli project to

answer

all of these.

question

When presented with a common odor like banana or motor oil, participants can identify the odor approximately ____% of the time.

answer

50

question

An onion smell is presented to a participant, and is told that it is "body odor" or it is "pizza." The participant will perceive the odor

answer

more favorably if it is labeled "pizza" than "body odor."

question

Endorphins

answer

are morphine-like substances found in the body.

question

Listening to someone speak a foreign language is used as an example of

answer

the segmentation problem.

question

The McGurk effect illustrates the importance of ____ on speech perception.

answer

vision

question

Saffron et al. (1996) found that 8-month-old infants listened to ____ test stimuli longer, providing evidence that infants are capable of ____ learning.

answer

part word; transitional probability

question

The ____ is the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of the word.

answer

phonemes

question

The discovery of ____ is used as support for the motor theory of speech perception.

answer

audiovisual mirror neurons

question

A person with Wernicke's aphasia

answer

produces fluent speech, but in nonsensical "word salads."

question

Damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe results in difficulty

answer

in speaking.

question

Jessica looks at Ashlee on a videotape. Ashlee's lips are making the movement for the sound /ga-ga/, but the sound that is actually presented is the acoustic signal for /ba-ba/. What sound is Jessica most likely to report hearing?

answer

/da-da/

question

The vowel sound /ae/ (as in "had") has

answer

formants at 500 Hz, 1700 Hz, and 2500 Hz.

question

The existence of phonetic boundaries

answer

has been demonstrated using discrimination experiments.

question

Convergence results in ____ sensitivity and ____ acuity.

answer

increased; decreased

question

Duncan and Boynton found that the cortical magnification factor

answer

is different between humans, with a greater foveal magnification factor for people with better acuity.

question

LASIK surgery is used to treat ____ by cutting a small flap in the ____.

answer

myopia; cornea

question

Unlike simple cells, complex cells respond best to

answer

moving stimuli.

question

In Hermann's grid, gray areas appear at the intersections because

answer

the amount of inhibition right at the intersections is twice as great as the inhibition between each square.

question

The dorsal extrastriate pathway goes to the ____ lobe.

answer

parietal

question

You can create a version of the ____ by illuminating a light-colored surface with a desk lamp and casting a shadow with a piece of paper.

answer

Mach bands

question

Light can be described in terms of wavelength, or as consisting of small packets of energy called

answer

photons.

question

To isolate the rod portion of the dark adaptation curve, researchers

answer

use rod monochromats as the participants.

question

The structure of the eye that provides about 80% of the eye's focusing power is the

answer

cornea

question

The blind spot is located

answer

where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

question

Lateral inhibition has been used to explain

answer

the Hermann Grid, Mach bands, and simultaneous contrast.

question

The arrangement of ocular dominance columns in the cortex is the

answer

alternating between left eye and right eye.

question

The flow of information in the LGN is best described as

answer

bi-directional, with signals coming from the retina and the cortex to the LGN.

question

A structure that is specialized to process information about a particular type of stimulus is called a

answer

module.

question

According to Goldstein, the evolutionary explanation of neural specialization is

answer

supported by evidence of motion- and depth- specific neurons in the newborn monkey

question

The Nobel Prize winners who conducted the pioneering research on the physiology of striate cortex neurons were

answer

Hubel and Wiesel.

question

The different types of cortical cells are also called

answer

feature detectors.

question

There are ____ different cone receptors, each with different absorption spectra.

answer

3

question

When you stare at a grating of wide bars for 55 seconds, then look at a grating with narrow bars, the narrow bars will

answer

seem to be thinner than they actually are.

question

A masking stimulus is used to

answer

stop persistence of vision.

question

A voxel is

answer

a small cube-shaped area of the brain about 2 mm on each side.

question

The theory of unconscious inference

answer

is closely related to the "likelihood principle."

question

Humans use the ____ to determine shape from shading.

answer

light-from-above heuristic

question

"Learning from past experience" as a factor involved in attention was demonstrated by Shinoda et al. (2001), who showed that drivers are more likely to detect stop signs when they were positioned at

answer

at the intersection.

question

____ is when a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the person is looking directly at the stimulus.

answer

Inattentional blindness

question

One reason humans can function without being able to detect every detail of a visual scene is

answer

we "fill in" details based on scene schemas.

question

The Olympic symbol is an example of the Gestalt law of

answer

Pragnanz.

question

Gestalt "laws" are more accurately described as heuristics because they

answer

provide a "best-guess" as to perception of an object.

question

Levin et al. (2000) found that ____% of people think they will be able to detect changes in a scene, and when tested, ____% of the people actually detected the changes.

answer

83; 11

question

The synchrony hypothesis

answer

is a physiological explanation to the binding problem.

question

Humans need approximately ____ to perceive the gist of a scene.

answer

250 milliseconds

question

The ____ effect is that humans perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations.

answer

oblique

question

When a person scans a visual scene, he/she usually makes about ____ fixation(s) per second.

answer

3

question

One aspect of the visual system that helps us achieve selective attention is

answer

the concentration of cones in the fovea.

question

In Reddy et al.'s (2007) "dual-task condition", which task was accurately done 90% of the time?

answer

identifying the gender of a face.

question

Grill-Spector et al.'s (2004) "Harrison Ford" study showed that object recognition is associated with ____, and detection is associated with ____.

answer

a large response from the FFA; a smaller response from the FFA

question

Shelby watches the movie "Slumdog Millionaire". When Jamal is in the "hot seat" on the game show "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?," Shelby is looking at Jamal's eyes. Shelby is most likely

answer

non-autistic.

question

The spreading enhancement effect of attention can help us perceive

answer

occluded objects.

question

One criticism of recognition-by-components theory is

answer

geons do not usually provide enough information to discriminate between different objects that have the same basic components.

question

Which of the following is true about the corollary discharge theory?

answer

It can explain why you see a bird moving in flight when you are following it with your eyes.

question

The ecological approach emerged as a reaction

answer

to the artificiality of laboratory approach to studying vision.

question

Our ability to perceive movement when reading "message boards" used in advertising, is based on

answer

apparent movement.

question

The ____ is demonstrated when you look through a circle you make with your fingers, and move a pencil either horizontally or diagonally behind your fingers.

answer

aperture problem

question

Mirror neurons

answer

all of these

question

Affordances

answer

provide the observer possibilities for action.

question

Percy is injected with a drug that paralyzes his eye muscles. When he is instructed to try to move his eye when looking a stationary scene, he perceives

answer

movement, because there is a CDS, but not an IDS.

question

Information that remains constant even though the observer is moving is called

answer

invariant information.

question

The patient of Zihl et al., who had cortical lesions that affected her motion perception, had

answer

difficulty following conversations.

question

Mira gently pushes on her eye with her finger. Because her eye muscles push against the force of her finger, which keeps the image in the same location, she perceives the visual scene

answer

to be jiggling.

question

Which of the following stimuli is most likely to show the greatest representational momentum?

answer

a rocket

question

A ____ is a device that would allow a paralyzed person to do simple motor tasks, such as moving a computer mouse.

answer

neural prosthesis

question

When you look at a spiral that is appearing to move inward for 45 seconds, and then look at the spiral when it is not moving, the spiral will appear to be

answer

moving in an outward direction.

question

Which of the following situations would most likely cause an audiovisual mirror neuron to fire?

answer

when the monkey sees a peanut breaking and hears the sound of the peanut breaking

question

An afterimage when viewed in the dark appears to move when you move your eyes. This is what the Corollary Discharge Theory would predict because

answer

there is no IDS, but there is a CDS.

question

"Optical flow neurons" have been found in the monkey's

answer

medial superior temporal (MST) area.

question

Camouflage can be interpreted as a problem of

answer

figure-ground segregation.

question

As you drive across a bridge, the optic flow is rapid close to the car, but there is no flow

answer

at the focus of expansion.

question

If you close both your eyes while standing on one foot,

answer

you lose your balance more quickly than if your eyes are open.

question

Ramachandran and Anstis rapidly presented one dot above another dot in frame 1, and then presented the top dot in frame 2 (in a position to the right of where the top dot was in frame 1) and a square in a position to the right of the bottom dot. Observers in this condition perceived

answer

the bottom dot moving horizontally to the right and being occluded by the square, and the top dot moving to the horizontally to the right.

question

Adding more white to a color changes the color's

answer

saturation

question

Color constancy works best when

answer

a color object is surrounded by many different colors.

question

According to Gregory's misapplied size constancy scaling hypothesis, we perceive the "arrows pointing out" version of the Muller-Lyer illusion as

answer

shorter, because it is perceived as being closer.

question

Motion parallax

answer

is widely used to create depth in cartoons and video games.

question

A unilateral dichromat

answer

has trichromatic vision in one eye and dichromatic vision in the other eye.

question

The key to the Ames Room illusion is

answer

the room is constructed of trapezoids, but looks rectangular to the observer.

question

A person can see binocular depth from pictures by

answer

all of these can be used.

question

Myranda looks at a photograph of a truck. Which of the following best describes how she will perceive this photograph?

answer

Her perception of the size of the truck will depend on the known size of the objects located next to the truck.

question

The imaginary plane in which all objects project to corresponding points in the left and right retina is

answer

the horopter.

question

The approximate visual angle of the width of your thumb held at arm's length is ____ degrees.

answer

2.0

question

The signaling function of color can be exemplified by

answer

both knowing to stop at a red light and knowing banana ripeness.

question

According to Day's "conflicting cues theory", the perception of vertical line lengths depends on

answer

the actual length of the lines and the overall length of the figure.

question

The rarest form of dichromatism is

answer

tritanopia

question

The correspondence problem is best demonstrated by

answer

random-dot stereograms.

question

Cerebral achromatopsia is when a person

answer

has normal cone functioning, but can not experience color due to a brain injury.

question

The wavelength distributions from a light bulb and from sunlight are

answer

different, with the light bulb distribution having much higher amounts of energy at long wavelengths.

question

Deletion and accretion are

answer

effective for detecting depth at an edge.

question

A monochromat experiences

answer

black, white, and grays.

question

If you look at a folded index card though a pinhole, you see the border as a(n) ____ because the card looks ____.

answer

reflectance edge; flat

question

Which color is categorized as an extra-spectral color?

answer

purple

question

The cue of interaural level difference is

answer

not effective for low-frequency sound stimuli.

question

The principle of auditory grouping called ____ is responsible for melody schema.

answer

experience

question

The highest sound intensity level allowed for previews in a movie theater is now ____ dBs.

answer

86

question

Sound that reaches the ears after bouncing off a wall or a floor is called

answer

indirect sound

question

The question "If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, would there be a sound?" is useful because it highlights that "sound" can be

answer

both a perceptual and physical stimulus.

question

Vision: figure-ground segregation :: Audition: ____.

answer

auditory scene analysis

question

Helen Keller, who was born deaf and blind, felt that being ____ was worse because ____.

answer

deaf; it isolated her from people

question

Melodic channeling, or the scale illusion, is based on the auditory grouping law ____.

answer

similarity of pitch

question

The outer ear consists of

answer

the pinnae, the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane.

question

The function of the muscles of the middle ear is to

answer

dampen the ossicles vibrations at high intensities.

question

Garner and Garner showed that smoothing out the nooks of the pinnae

answer

makes it more difficult to locate sounds along the elevation coordinate.

question

The role of the middle ear is

answer

to amplify the vibrations between the air in the outer ear and the liquid in the inner ear.

question

Humans can localize sounds most accurately

answer

when the sound is directly in front of them.

question

Spectral cues for auditory localization are provided by

answer

the head position and the pinnae.

question

The "S" in the S/N ratio in a classroom is the:

answer

level of the teacher's voice.

question

The wave form pattern of a pure tone is a(n)

answer

sine wave.

question

The speed of sound through air is

answer

340 meters per second.

question

The range of human hearing is between ____ Hz.

answer

20 and 20,000

question

A complex tone can be created by starting with a pure tone, called the ____, and adding frequencies that are multiples of this first frequency.

answer

fundamental frequency

question

The horizontal axis in auditory localization is called the

answer

azimuth.

Sensations & Perceptions Ch 1-15 – Flashcards

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