Section 4: Traits, Genes, and Alleles
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Gene
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a segment of DNA that is located in a chromosome and that codes for a specific hereditary trait
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Allele
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one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color
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Homozygous
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describes an individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes
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Heterozygous
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describes an individual that has two different alleles for a trait
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Genome
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the complete genetic material contained in an individual
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Genotype
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the entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits
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Phenotype
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an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism's genotype and the environment
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Dominant
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the tendency of certain (dominant) alleles to mask the expression of their corresponding (recessive) alleles
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Recessive
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describes a trait or an allele that is expressed only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited
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There is a relationship between genes and proteins: A gene/ protein provides instructions for a cell to make a certain gene/ protein.
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gene, protein
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An allele is any of the alternative forms of a gene/ genome that may occur at a specific locus/ trait.
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gene, locus
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If a pair of alleles is the same, they are called ____. If a pair of alleles is different, they are called ______.
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homozygous, heterozygous
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Homologuous chromosomes are two chromosomes (one from the mother and one from the father) that have the same length, overall appearance, and alleles/ genes, although the alleles/ genes may differ.
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genes, alleles
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Alleles are represented on paper by letters. Uppercase letters indicated ____ alleles, and lowercase letters indicated _____ alleles.
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dominant, recessive
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Homozygous Dominant
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Phenotype: Dominant Alleles: TT
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Homozygous Recessive
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Phenotype: Recessive Alleles: tt
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Heterozygous
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Phenotype: Dominant Alleles: Tt
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An organism with a QQ genotype has _____ alleles.
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dominant
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The opposite of heterozygous is ______.
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homozygous
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The opposite of dominant is _____.
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recessive
