Second Semester World History Final Study Guide – Flashcards
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militarism
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the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war.
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triple alliance
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the alliance of Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary.
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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ruler of Germany in 1978. forced Otto Bismark to resign
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triple entente
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the alliance between Britain, France, and Russia.
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central powers
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the name given to Germany and Austria-Hungary due to their position in Europe
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allies
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Great Britain, France, and Russia
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western front
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the deadlocked region in northern France
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Schlieffen Plan
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attacking an defeating France in the west and then rushing east to fight Russia
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trench warfare
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soldiers would attack each other in trenches
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eastern front
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battle field along the German and Russian border
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unrestricted submarine warfare
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where the German subs sunk any ship without warning in the waters around Britain
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total war
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countries devote all their resources to the war effort
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rationing
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people could only buy small amounts of those items that were needed for the war effort
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propaganda
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one-sided information designed to persuade
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armistice
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an agreement to stop fighting
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Woodrow Wilson
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representative of the US
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Georges Clemenceau
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representative of France
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Fourteen points
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a plan for achieving a just and lasting peace
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self-determination
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allowed people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live
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treaty of Versailles
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between Germany and the Allied powers that ended WW1
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league of nations
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an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations
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proletariat
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the workers
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Bolsheviks
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the more radical of the revolutionaries
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Lenin
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the major leader of the Bolsheviks
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Rasputin
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a self-described "holy-man" who claimed to have magical healing powers
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provisional government
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a temporary government
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communist party
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the renamed Bolshevik party
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Joseph Stalin
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the elected leader of the Communist party after Lenin's stroke
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totalitarianism
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a government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life
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great purge
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a campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened power
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command economy
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a system in which the government made all the economic decisions
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five-year plans
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Stalins outlined plans for the development of the Soviet Union's economy
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collective farms
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government owned farms
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Kuomintang
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nationalist party
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Sun Yixian
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first great leader of the Kuomintang or nationalist party
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may fourth movement
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demonstrations that spread to other cities and exploded into a national movement
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Mao Zedong
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an assistant librarian at Beijing University
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Jiang Jieshi
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headed the Kuomintang
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Long March
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6,000-mile-long journey
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Rowlatt acts
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these laws allowed the government to jail protesters without trial for as long as two years
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Amritsar Massacre
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where Amritsar opened fire on Indians and killed 400 and wounded 1,200
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Mohandas K. Gandhi
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the emergent leader of the independence movement
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civil disobedience
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the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law
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salt march
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where the revolutionaries would walk to the ocean to get water to evaporate into salt in revolt to the new tax on salt
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Mustafa Kemal
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successfully led Turkish nationalists in fighting back the Greeks an their British backers
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Albert Einstein
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offered startling new ides on space, time, energy, and matter
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theory of relativity
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the theorization that while the speed of light is constant, other things that seem constant, are not
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Sigmund Freud
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a psychologist that ideas rivaled Einsteins in brilliance
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existentialism
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there is no universal meaning of life
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Friedrich Nietzsche
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the influence of German existentialists
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Surrealism
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an art movement that sought to link the world of dreams with the real life
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jazz
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music developed by musicians, mostly African American, in New Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago.
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Charles Lindbergh
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captured world attention with a 33-hour solo flight from New York to Paris
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coalition government
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temporary alliance of several parties
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Weimar republic
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Germany's new democratic government
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Great Depression
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the decline of America's economy for a long time.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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the first president after the Great Depression
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new deal
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a program of government reform under Roosevelt
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Nazism
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a brand of fascism made by the Germans
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Mein Kampf
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Hitlers book that he wrote while in jail
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lebensraum
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living space
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appeasement
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giving into an aggressor for peace
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Axis Powers
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Germany, Italy, and Japan
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Francisco Franco
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the general who rose up in revolt in Spain
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isolationism
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the belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided
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Third Reich
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German Empire
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Munich Conference
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a meeting proposed by Mussolini between Germany, France, Britain, and Italy.
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Fascism
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new, militant political movements that emphasis's loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader
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Benito Mussolini
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boldly promised to rescue Italy by reviving its economy and rebuilding its armed forces.
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Adolf Hitler
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a little-known political leader whose early life had been marked by disappointment.
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nonaggression pact
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said that Russia wouldn't attach Germany.
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blitzkrieg
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lighting war
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Charles de Gaulle
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French general, set up a government-in-exile n London.
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Winston Churchill
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the new British Prime Minister during WW2
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Battle of Britain
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showed the Allies that Hitlers attacks could be blocked
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Erwin Rommel
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commanded the Afrika Korps.
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Atlantic Charter
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upheld free trade among nations and the right of people to choose their own government
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Isoroku Yamamoto
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Japan's greatest naval strategist
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Pearl Harbor
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the unexpected attack of the Japanese on America which hurled America into the war.
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Battle of Midway
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where the American's surprised the Japanese. crucial turning point in the war
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Douglas MacAurther
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the commander of the Allied land forces in the Pacific
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Battle of Guadalcanal
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the continuous and savage struggle that lasted so long due to the fresh outpour of troops by both sides on a continual basis
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Aryans
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"master race"
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holocaust
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the systematic mass slaughter of the Jews and other groups judged inferior by the Nazis
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Kristallnacht
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the night of broken glass. where Jewish stores were vandalized and some destroyed
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ghettos
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segregated Jewish areas
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final solution
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Hitler's plan for getting rid of the Jews
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genocide
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the systematic killing of an entire people
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
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led 100,000 troops in Morocco and Algeria.
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Battle of Stalingrad
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the German attack of Stalingrad
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D-Day
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the largest aquatic invasion in history
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Battle of the Bulge
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push of the Germans through American lines that was stopped by little supplies
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kamikazes
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Japanese suicide pilots
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Nuremberg Trials
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the trials against captured German officers for war crimes committed during WW2
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demilitarization
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disbanding the Japanese armed forces
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democratization
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the process of creating a government elected by the people
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united nations
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a group of 48 countries set up to protect each other
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iron curtain
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represents Europe's division into mostly democratic Western Europe and communist eastern Europe
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containment
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policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism
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Truman Doctrine
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supported only countries that rejected communism
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Marshall Plan
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would provided food, machinery, and other materials to rebuild Western Europe
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NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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Cold War
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between United States and Soviet Union. Arms race basically
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Warsaw Pact
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Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania in counter action to NATO
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brinkmanship
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the willingness to go the brink or edge of war
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Mao Zedong
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leader of the communist party in China
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Jiang Jieshi
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leader of the nationalist party in China
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communes
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larger collective farms
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red guards
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high school and college students that came out of the classroom and formed militia units
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cultural revolution
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goal was to establish a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal
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38th parallel
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a line that crosses Korea at 38 degrees north latitude
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Douglas MacArther
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commander of the army of 15 nations including the US and Britain
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Ho Chi Minh
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turned to the Communists for help in his struggle
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domino theory
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the fall of one communism would lead to the fall of its neighbors
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Ngo Dinh Diem
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led the anti-communist government put in place by the US and France
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Vietcong
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communist guerrillas
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vietnamization
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allowed for US troops to gradually pull out, while the South Vietnamese increased their combat role
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third world
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developing nations, often newly independent
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nonaligned nations
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a third force of independent countries
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Fidel Castro
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young leader who took over Cuba and made it a communism
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Anastasio Somoza
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Nicaraguan dictatorship family
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Daniel Ortega
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leader of the Sandinistas
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Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
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leader of the Muslim religious opposition
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Nikita Khrushchev
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leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin died
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Leonid Brezhnev
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the replacement to Khrushchev after the Cuban Missile Crisis
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John F. Kennedy
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during his administration, the Cuban Missile Crisis made the superpowers' use of nuclear weapons a real possibility
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Lyndon Johnson
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assumed presidency after Kennedy was assassinated.
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detente
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a policy of lessening Cold War tensions
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Richard M. Nixion
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implemented detente which replaced brinkmanship
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SALT
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Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
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Ronald Reagan
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a fiercely anti-Communist US president who took office in 1981
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Congress party
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India's national political party
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Muslim League
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an organization founded in 1906 in India to protect Muslim interests
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah
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insisted that all Muslims resign from the Congress party. leader of the Muslim League
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partition
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term given to the division of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations
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Jawaharlal Nehru
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the independent India's first prim minister
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Indira Gandhi
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Nehru's daughter that was chosen to be prime minister
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Benazir Bhutto
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Bhutto's daughter. after Zia's death, she was elected twice as prime minister
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Negritude movement
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a movement to celebrate African culture
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Kwame Nkrumah
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the leader of the largely nonviolent movement for African freedom
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Jomo Kenyatta
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Kenyan nationalist
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Ahmed Ben Bella
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leader of the FLN
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Mobutu Sese Seko
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an army officer who seized power in the Congo for 32 years in 1965
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federal system
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power is shared between state governments and a central authority.
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martial law
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temporary military rule
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dissidents
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government opponents
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apartheid
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complete separation of the races
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Nelson Mandela
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imprisoned by the government for being part of the ANC
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politburo
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the ruling committee of the Communist Party
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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one of the candidates to lead the politburo. praised for his youth, energy, and political skills
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glasnost
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openness
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perestroika
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economic restructuring
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Boris Yeltsin
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member of the parliament and former mayor of Moscow.
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CIS
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commonwealth of independent states
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shock therapy
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an abrupt shift to free-market economies
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solidarity
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Polish labor union that became the main force of opposition to the Communist rule in Poland
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Lech Walesa
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National hero for being the union leader of Solidarity
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reunificatoin
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the merging of the two Germanys
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ethnic cleansing
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this policy was intended to rid Bosnia of its Muslim population
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Deng Xiaoping
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the most powerful leader in China in 1980
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Four Modernizations
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called for progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and science and technology
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Tianamen Square
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a huge public space in the heart of Beijing
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Hong Kong
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a thriving business center and British colony on the southeastern coast of China
