Science Test-Acids and Bases
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when two or more substances combine to produce a new substance
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chemical reaction
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a solution that has an excess of hydrogen ions (H+)
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acid
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a solution that has an excess of hydroxide (OH) ions
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base
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a substance/thing that gives us a pH value by turning a certain color in an acid or a base
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indicator
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lose hydrogen ion found in acids
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hydronium ion
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measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
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pH
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potential of hydrogen
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What does pH stand for?
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paper that serves as an indicator. red paper turns blue in a base while blue litmus paper turns red in an acid
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litmus paper
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an indicator that goes from a pH of 0 to 14 and gives an exact pH of a substance
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pH paper
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reactions that release energy to their surroundings (usually in the form of heat)
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exothermic reaction
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reactions that need to absorb heat from their surroundings to proceed
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endothermic reaction
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when you add an acid to a base it is the salt that is produced along with water
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chemical salt
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the solid that forms when two liquids are mixed together
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precipitate
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synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement
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4 classes of a chemical reaction
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a reaction where two or more elements or compounds are combined to make a more complex substance A+B=AB
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synthesis reaction
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compounds break down into simpler substances AB=A+B
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decomposition reaction
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occurs when 1 element replaces another one in a compound AB+C=AC+B
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Single Replacement Reaction
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occurs when different atoms in 2 different compounds trade pieces AB+CD=AC+BD
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double replacement reaction
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burning
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combustion
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you need fuel and oxygen
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What is necessary for combustion to occur?
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chemical reaction which many people call rust
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result of oxidation-reduction reaction
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We had six different stations which each tested how different liquids react to different solids. We recorded the temperature and what happened during the chemical reaction (if there was one)
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Mixed Reactions Lab:
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- hydrogen peroxide and yeast - water and calcium chloride
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Mixed Reactions Lab: Which 2 chemicals produced heat?
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vinegar and baking soda
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Mixed Reactions Lab: Which produced a gas?
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vinegar and salt
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Mixed Reactions Lab: Which did not produce a reaction?
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a chemical reaction which many people call rust
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the result of oxidation-reductin reactions
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emission of odor, precipitate form, color change, light/heat produced, gas produced
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5 evidences of a chemical reaction
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mystery powders: one of the substances smelled like burned clementine
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example of emission of odor
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chemistry in a bag: mixed calcium chloride and baking soda, then added phenol red (pH indicator) and a chemical reaction occurred- the gas created was carbon dioxide
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example of formation of gas
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- baking soda and vinegar created heat - sparkler on a stick: we put iron fillings on a stick and lit it on fire
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example of emission of light or heat
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snow in a test tube: mixed potassium sulfate and dripped small amounts of isopropyl alcohol.
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example of formation of a precipitate
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- natural indicator lab or cabbage juice lab: turned different color in acid/base - chemistry in a bag: when phenol red was mixed with calcium chloride and baking soda-it turned pink and yellow
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example of a color change
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because you have to have a lot of power and heat and we don't have the tools. You would need bunsen burners.
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Why can't we experiment with a Decomposition Reaction?
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1. Alkali Metals Family 2. Halogens Family
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most reactive elements
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1. Noble Gas Family 2. Transition Metals
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least reactive elements
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we mixed baking soda and vinegar and a carbon dioxide was formed. We "poured" the CO2 on a lit candle and it extinguished the flame
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Chemical Reaction 1
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- bubbles formed - when the carbon dioxide was poured on the flame it extinguished it.
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Chemical Reaction 1: What was your proof that CO2 was formed in this lab?
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because carbon dioxide is heavier than air it sinks when taken out of the container
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Chemical Reaction 1: Why were you able to "pour" the carbon dioxide out of the beaker?
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gas was produced, smell was produced
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Chemical Reaction 1: What were the evidences that a chemical reaction had occurred?
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we mixed hydrogen peroxide and yeast together. It foamed because oxygen was formed along with water. When a freshly blown out candle was put in the foam it was reignited and there was a flame again.
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Chemical Reaction 2
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-gas bubbles formed -helped ignite the flame
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Chemical Reaction 2: What was your proof that oxygen formed?
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the gas made the popping sound when it reacted with the fire/heat
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Chemical Reaction 2: What made the "pop" sound?
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temperature change, gas bubbles were produced
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Chemical Reaction 2: What were the evidences that a chemical reaction had occurred?
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We mixed calcium chloride and baking soda in a bag. We then added phenol red (pH indicator) and it reacted: foaming (filling the bag up with gas) and turning the bag pink and yellow. We then put a lit stick into the bag and it extinguished the flame. This was because the gas was CO2
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Chemistry in a Bag
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the temperature rose and the substances turned yellow and pink
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Chemistry in a Bag: Describe the temperature and color of this reaction.
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phenol red
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Chemistry in a Bag: What was the pH indicator that was used?
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this reaction was an acid and a base. We know this because the phenol red indicated whether it was an acid or a base (red-base) (yellow- acid)
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Chemistry in a Bag: How do we know whether this is an acid or base reaction?
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carbon dioxide (CO2) was produced. I proved this by saying that carbon dioxide surrounded the flame and the oxygen got cut out. Since fire needs oxygen to stay lit, it was extinguished.
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Chemistry in a Bag: What gas was produced and how did you prove this
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We did the Snowstorm in a Bottle Lab: dripped isopropyl alcohol into a container of potassium sulfate. Formed a precipitate which resembled a snowflake. It was white, grainy and fell slowly to the bottom of the test tube.
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What lab did we do the produced a precipitate? Describe this reaction...
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we put magnesium sulfate into sulfuric acid and a chemical reaction occurred. The test tube became warm and there was a burnt marshmallow smell. Also the magnesium sulfate turned white and hydrogen formed on it. When a lighted splint was put over the test tube it made a popping noise and the flame was extinguished.
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Dip Lab:
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metal- magnesium sulfate acid- sulfuric acid
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Dip Lab: What metal and what acid did we use?
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hydrogen
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Dip Lab: What gas was produced?
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there was a popping noise and the flame was extinguished
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Dip Lab: What happened when you inserted the lighted splint into the test tube?
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hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, acetic acid
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5 common acids
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HCl: batteries, bulbs, and fireworks
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hydrochloric acid
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H2SO4: fertilizers, production of steel, paints, and plastics, car batteries
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sulfuric acid
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C6H8O7: citric fruits, sour candies
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citric acid
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C6H8O6: Vitamin C (body needs to function)
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ascorbic acid
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CH3COOH: vinegar
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acetic acid
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sodium hydroxide, baking soda, chalk, ammonia
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4 common bases
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NaOH: cleaning products, soap, manufacturing of water
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sodium hydroxide
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NaHCO3: cooking
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baking soda
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CaCO3: writing
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chalk
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NH3: cleaning supplies, bleach, deoderizors
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ammonia
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H3O+
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hydronium chemical formula
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because it doesn't have OH at the end (instead it has hydrogen) of its formula it breaks the rules and is unlike other bases
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Why is ammonia a base that does not follow the base rules?
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H at the beginning
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an acid's formula always has:
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OH at the end
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a base's formula always has:
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NH3
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Ammonia's formula
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tastes sour, conducts electricity, corrosive (skin, paper, skin), some react strongly with metals, turns blue litmus paper red, pH paper turns red and orange
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properties of acids
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feels slippery, tastes bitter, corrosive, can conduct electricity (alkaline batteries), do not react with metals, red litmus paper turns blue, pH paper turns green or blue
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properties of bases
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H20(water) (along with some kind of salt)
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If an acid donates H and a base donates OH, what compound is likely to be produced when acids react with bases?
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something found in nature (usually fruit, vegetable, or flower) that indicates whether a substance is an acid or a base
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natural indicator
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cabbage juice
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Natural Indicator Lab: What did we use?
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acid- pink, orange, red base- blue, green
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What color did cabbage juice turn in an acid and base?
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litmus paper- less accurate pH paper- more accurate
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2 types of indicator papers used. Which is more accurate?
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base
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In litmus paper if the red turns blue is it an acid or a base?
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acid
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In litmus paper if the blue turns read is it an acid or a base?
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strong acids- red weak acids- orange weak bases- green strong bases- blue
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pH paper colors
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In this lab we first mixed cabbage juice in different substances to test the pH level of each. We then had to add different substances to mystery liquids to either make them an acid, base, or neutral.
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Alien Juice Lab
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0- sulfuric acid, 1- stomach acid, 2- lemon juice, 3- apple juice, 4- epson salt, 5- cream of tartar, 6- urine/milk, 7- water, 8- eggs, 9- baking soda, 10- soap, 12- ammonia, 13- oven cleaner, 14- drain cleaner/sodium hydroxide
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pH examples
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a reaction between an acid and a base that forms a salt and water. To form neutral substances, the acids and bases have to be equal distances from 7
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neutralization reaction
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7.5
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pH of blood
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salt and water
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What are the products of a neutralization reaction?
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HCl+NaOH=NaCl+H20
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example of neutralization reaction
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in this lab there were 8 different white substances and we tested each for different things (reaction w/ water, iodine, vinegar, and heat, color analysis, pH test, microscope color analysis) and took notes. Then we received a cup with three of the mystery powders. We did the same 6 stations and tried to figure out which three we had.
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Mystery Powders Lab
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We decided that we had 3,4, and 8 because many of the test proved to have many of the same water repellent features that powder three and eight had. We thought we had four because our mystery powders reacted with vinegar the same way it reacted with powder 4. This was the guess we made, but it was wrong. The real powders we had were 3,4, & 7.
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Mystery Powders: What did you decide was in the mystery sample?
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blueberries
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SIAB: What natural indicator did you use?
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acid- pink base- blue/green
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SIAB: What color did it turn in an acid and base?
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- because it showed us what to look for when doing our other object (it set a standard) and it told us the colors we would get for an acid and a base. - vinegar turned pink (this was the test for an acid) - baking soda turned blue/green (test for a base)
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SIAB: Describe why you had to do a control test and what happened.
