Science Olympiad Astronomy 2018 Answers – Flashcards
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Stellar Evolution
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Stellar evolution is the process by which a star changes during its lifetime.
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small star
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Lives longer than large star
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red giant
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A star that expands and cools once it runs out of hydrogen fuel
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planetary nebula
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a ring-shaped nebula formed by an expanding shell of gas around an aging star.
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white dwarf
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hot, extremely dense core; shine for billions of years; lower left on H-R diagram
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large star
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a very big star that turns into a black hole
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red super giant
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The later stage of a high-mass star. Heavy metals form inside it.
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supernova
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a gigantic explosion in which a high-mass star throws its outer layers into space
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neutron star
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dense core of a neutron that remains after a supernova
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Black hole
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An object whose gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.
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stars chemical composition
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of most stars is 73 percent hydrogen , 25 percent helium, 2 percent other elements by mass
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luminosity
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the actual brightness of an object such as a star
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blackbody radiation
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A solid object emits visible light when it is heated to about 1000 K
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star color index
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A measure of a star's color, which tells scientists how hot the star's surface is.
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H-R diagram
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a graph relating the surface temperatures and absolute brightness of stars.
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HII regions
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emission nebulae composed of hydrogen
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cepheids
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Stars whose luminosity that varies periodically over time
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hypergiants
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The largest stars are.... (100x mass of the sun)
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wolf-rayet stars
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hotter than almost all other stars
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magnetars
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a neutron star with an extremely strong magnetic field.
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pulsars
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highly magnetised, rotating neutron star that emits a beam of electromagnetic radiation
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stellar mass black holes
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small than supermissive
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eclipsing binaries
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a system in which one star periodically blocks the light from the other star
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X-ray binaries
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X-ray binaries are a class of binary stars that are luminous in X-rays.
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Type II supernovas
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results from the rapid collapse and violent explosion of a massive star. A star must have at least 8 times, but no more than 40 to 50 times, the mass of the Sun
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Kepler's law
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developed using Brahe's measurements and sophisticated math
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Hubble's law
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the observations that the father away a galaxy is the faster it is moving away.
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RCW 103
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it is a supernova remnant with right ascension It is approximately 2000 years old and is 10,000 light years away in the constellation Norma
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IC 443
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is a Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) in the constellation Gemini. On the plan of the sky, it is located near the star Eta Geminorum. Its distance is roughly 5,000 light years from Earth.
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Alpha Orionis
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is the ninth-brightest star in the night sky and second-brightest in the constellation of Orion.
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Hr 5171 A
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HR 5171, also known as V766 Centauri, is a triple star system in the constellation Centaurus, around 12,000 light years from Earth. It is either a red supergiant or recent post-red supergiant yellow hypergiant, and one of the largest known stars.
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SN W49B
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The highly distorted supernova remnant shown in this image may contain the most recent black hole formed in the Milky Way galaxy.
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ASASSN-15lh
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is a bright astronomical transient discovered by the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN). It was first detected on June 14, 2015, located within a faint galaxy in the southern constellation Indus.
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AG Carinae
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is a star in the constellation Carina. It is classified as a luminous blue variable and is one of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way.
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S Doradus
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is one of the brightest stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a satellite of the Milky Way. It is a Luminous Blue Variable and one of the most luminous stars known
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SN 1987A
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first naked eye SN since Kepler 1604was a supernova in the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud (a nearby dwarf galaxy). It occurred approximately 51.4 kiloparsecs (168,000 ly) from Earth
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Geminga
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is a neutron star approximately 250 parsecs from the Sun in the constellation Gemini.
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NGC 6357
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NGC 6357 is a diffuse nebula near NGC 6334 in the constellation Scorpius.
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M82 X-2
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M82 X-2 is an X-ray pulsar located in the galaxy Messier 82, approximately 12 million light-years from Earth
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Circinus X-1
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Constellation. Meaning: the pair of compasses.Brightest star: α Circini. Visible in June.
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NGC 6888
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The Crescent Nebula (also known as NGC 6888, Caldwell 27, Sharpless 105) is an emission nebula in the constellation Cygnus, about 5000 light-years away from Earth. It was discovered by Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel in 1792. A Emission nebula
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SXP 1062
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Pulsar in SMC, Supernova created it, maybe Accreting Magnetar A supernova remnant
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cephei
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VV Cephei, also known as HD 208816, is an eclipsing binary star system located in the constellation Cepheus, approximately 5,000 light years from Earth. It is both a B[e] star and shell star.
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a yellow super giant
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A yellow supergiant star is a star, generally of spectral type F or G, having a supergiant luminosity class (e.g. Ia or Ib). They are stars that have evolved away from the main sequence, expanding and becoming more luminous.
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NP 0532
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The Crab Pulsar (PSR B0531+21) is a relatively young neutron star. The star is the central star in the Crab Nebula, a remnant of the supernova SN 1054, which was widely observed on Earth in the year 1054? M1
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heart of the scorpion
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Bright reddish Antares - also known as Alpha Scorpii - is easy to spot on a summer night. It is the brightest star - and distinctly reddish in color - in the fishhook-shaped pattern of stars known as the constellation Scorpius the Scorpion.
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NGC 3582
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Nebula/Stellar Nursery
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IC 1396/The Elephants trunk nebula
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he Elephant's Trunk nebula is a concentration of interstellar gas and dust within the much larger ionized gas region IC 1396 located in the constellation Cepheus about 2,400 light years away from Earth.
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cas A
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Cas A is a supernova remnant (SNR) in the constellation Cassiopeia and the brightest extrasolar radio source in the sky at frequencies above 1 GHz. The supernova occurred approximately 11,000 light-years (3.4 kpc) away within the Milky Way. a type IIn sup. nova
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Cygnus X-1
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- nearest black hole to earth - about 6,070 light years distant from earth First proposed black hole
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PSR J0108-1431
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Very old Solitary Pulsar/ Neutron Star, in Cetus, 2nd faintest pulsar
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microquasar
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A microquasar, the smaller version of a quasar, is a compact region surrounding a black hole with a mass several times that of our sun, and its companion star
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LHa115-N19
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-LHa115-N19: A complex of star formation about 200,000 light years from Earth. With its millions of stars and relatively close proximity, the Small Magellanic Cloud offers astronomers a chance to study phenomena across the stellar life cycle
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Large Magellanic Cloud
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The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. At a distance of 50 kpc ≈163,000 light-years, the LMC is the third-closest galaxy to the Milky Way
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V838 Mon
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V838 Mon is a red variable star in the constellation Monoceros about 20,000 light years (6 kpc) from the Sun.
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SN 2010JL
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A Supernova
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HR diagram
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A graph relating the surface temperature and absolute magnitude of the stars.
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Population II Cepheids
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Type II Cepheids are variable stars which pulsate with periods typically between 1 and 50 days. They are population II stars: old, typically metal-poor, low mass objects
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Pulsating star
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Artist's impression of the eclipsing binary system, including a pulsating star called a Cepheid variable.
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SRA
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Small-amplitude giants
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SRB
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Poorly-defined periodicity
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Protostar
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Earliest stage of a stars life
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molecular cloud
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a large, cold cloud made up mostly of molecule hydrogen and helium in which stars are born
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CNO cycle
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the cycle of reactions by which intermediate and high mass stars fuse hydrogen into helium
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pulsar
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-a rapidly spinning neutron star that emits rapid pulses of radio and optical energy -soft gamma rays repeaters
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the proper order of luminosity
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Giants-Bright Giants- Supergiants-Hypergiants
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OB association
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an unbound group of very young, massive stars predominantly of spectral types O and B
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Hayashi track
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The Hayashi track is a luminosity-temperature relationship obeyed by infant stars of less than 3 M
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Stellar-mass black hole
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-Also known as a Collapsar -stellar-mass black hole is a black hole formed by the gravitational collapse of a massive star
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Kerr-Newman metric
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he Kerr-Newman metric is a solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations in general relativity that describes the spacetime geometry in the region surrounding a charged, rotating mass
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minkowski space
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n mathematical physics, Minkowski space or Minkowski spacetime is a combination of three-dimensional Euclidean space and time into a four-dimensional manifold where the spacetime interval between any two events is independent of the inertial frame of reference in which they are recorded
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Schwarzschild radius
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a measure of the size of the event horizon of a black hole
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Reissner-Nordstrom metric
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In physics and astronomy, the Reissner-Nordström metric is a static solution to the Einstein-Maxwell field equations, which corresponds to the gravitational field of a charged, non-rotating, spherically symmetric body of mass
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The Eddington limit
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he natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object, is named in his honour
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Magnetohydrodynamic
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A generator that uses a fluid a a moving conductor is a ____?
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Chandrasekhar limit
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the maximum mass of a white dwarf above which it collapses. Approximately 1.4 solar masses.
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General Relativity
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Gravitational attraction between masses is a result of the nearby masses; gravity has waves
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ZZ Ceti stars
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A pulsating white dwarf is a white dwarf star whose luminosity varies due to non-radial gravity wave pulsations within itself. Known types of pulsating white dwarfs include DAV, or ZZ Ceti
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Proper classes of increasing luminosity
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BL Herculis-W Virginis-RV Tauri- Classical Cepheid
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the hertzsprung progression
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a secondary bump in their light curves that appears near light minimum
